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Questions and Answers
What is the chemical element symbol for Carbon?
C
Carbon can form up to three covalent bonds.
False
Which of the following are functional groups? (Select all that apply)
What type of molecule is formed only from carbon and hydrogen?
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What are isomers?
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Match the types of hydrocarbons with their characteristics:
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Carbon belongs to group ______ of the periodic table.
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What are the four main types of biological macromolecules?
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Stereoisomers have the same carbon skeleton but differ in spatial arrangement.
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What are the two forms of chiral molecules called?
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Study Notes
Biomolecules Overview
- Biomolecules are categorized into four main groups: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids.
- Each group has distinct structures and functions critical for biological processes.
Carbon: The Framework of Biological Molecules
- Carbon (C) is a tetravalent element essential for life, capable of forming four covalent bonds.
- Carbon molecules can form various structures: straight chains, branches, rings, balls, tubes, and coils.
- Significant elements bonded with carbon include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and hydrogen.
Hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen.
- They serve as the main components of fuels such as gasoline and diesel, as well as natural substances in plants and fossil fuels.
- Types of hydrocarbons include:
- Alkanes: only single bonds between carbon atoms.
- Alkenes: contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
- Alkynes: contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
- Aromatic Compounds: contain conjugated double bonds forming stable ring structures.
Functional Groups
- Functional groups are specific atoms or groups of atoms that impart chemical properties to organic compounds.
- Common functional groups include:
- Hydroxyl (OH)
- Carboxyl (COOH)
- Phosphate (PO4)
- Amino (NH2)
- These groups influence the polarity and reactivity of the molecules they are attached to.
Isomers
- Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures, leading to varied properties.
- Structural isomers differ in the arrangement of their carbon skeletons.
- Stereoisomers have the same skeletal structure but differ in spatial arrangements.
Enantiomers
- Enantiomers are chiral molecules that are mirror images of each other, influencing polarized light direction.
- The two types of enantiomers are denoted as D (dextrorotatory) and L (levorotatory).
Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are large biomolecules essential for various biological functions and processes.
- The primary types of biological macromolecules are:
- Carbohydrates: energy storage and structural support.
- Nucleic Acids: storage and transfer of genetic information (DNA/RNA).
- Proteins: diverse functions including catalysis, structure, and signaling.
- Lipids: hydrophobic molecules playing roles in membrane structure and energy storage.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the fundamental aspects of biomolecules, including carbon structures, hydrocarbon properties, functional groups, and isomers. It also covers the diverse structures and functions of proteins, essential to biological processes. Prepare to dive deep into the chemistry that forms the basis of life.
