Biological Chemistry (SMS 111) Lecture 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary action of endopeptidases during protein digestion?

They neutralize stomach acid.

They act inside the core of proteins to form small peptide fragments. (correct)

They are involved in the absorption of proteins in the intestine.

They break down proteins into amino acids.

Which substances are released into the stomach during protein digestion?

Bile salts, amylase, and lipase

Hydrochloric acid, trypsinogen, and cholecystokinin

Hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and rennin (correct)

Insulin, glucagon, and pepsin

What is the role of gastrin in protein digestion?

It inhibits the release of gastric juice.

It transports proteins into cells.

It breaks down proteins into amino acids.

It stimulates the secretion of gastric juice. (correct)

What is endocytosis in the context of cellular mechanisms?

The process by which a cell engulfs substances from outside. Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily involved in the breakdown of proteins inside the stomach?

Pepsin Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of exocytosis in cellular function?

It facilitates the movement of substances outside the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about rennin is correct?

Rennin is active in the stomach of infants. Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the digestive process does protein digestion begin?

In the stomach Signup and view all the answers

What are the four major types of biomolecules found in living cells?

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines 'protein deficiency'?

A state of relative or absolute deficiency of body proteins or essential amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is NOT involved in the production of proteolytic enzymes?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What role do proteolytic enzymes play in the digestion of dietary proteins?

They hydrolyze dietary proteins into amino acids for absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with the biomedical importance of proteins?

Healthy skin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major type of biomolecule?

Vitamins Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding protein turnover?

It reflects the balance of protein degradation and synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of amino acids in the body?

They are the building blocks for protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of endopeptidases in protein digestion?

To form small peptide fragments inside the protein core Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes endocytosis?

Movement of substances or molecules into the cell Signup and view all the answers

Protein breakdown in the body serves several purposes. Which is NOT one of them?

Providing immunity against diseases Signup and view all the answers

What does protein deficiency typically indicate?

Overall low protein intake or lack of essential amino acids Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in protein synthesis relative to breakdown affect the body's state?

Suggests an anabolic state that builds lean tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is primarily linked to protein deficiency?

Pathologic states beyond diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'protein turnover' in the body?

It indicates the balance of protein data synthesis and degradation Signup and view all the answers

Protein intake levels among Americans are generally considered to be:

Adequate and meeting recommended amounts Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of protein deficiency?

Edema Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of protein deficiency?

Excessive protein intake Signup and view all the answers

Kwashiorkor is primarily associated with which factor?

Inadequate protein intake Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism involves the transport of substances into the cell?

Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with protein deficiency in adults?

Skin deterioration Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from severe protein-energy malnutrition primarily in children?

Kwashiorkor Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is commonly associated with chronic protein deficiency?

Fatty liver disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of protein deficiency?

Increased stamina Signup and view all the answers

What determines the precise amino acid content and sequence of a protein?

The sequence of the bases in the gene that encodes that protein Signup and view all the answers

Which of these amino acids is categorized as an aromatic R group?

Tyrosine Signup and view all the answers

Which classification does not belong to the groups of amino acids based on their R groups?

Hydrophobic R groups Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid has the three-letter abbreviation 'Cys'?

Cysteine Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique property of proline compared to other amino acids?

It has a cyclic structure Signup and view all the answers

What type of amino acids does 4-hydroxyproline correspond to?

Post-synthetic modified amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is known for having a sulfhydryl group?

Cysteine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common modification that can occur to amino acids?

Methylation Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is known for forming peptide bonds to create proteins?

All amino acids do Signup and view all the answers

Which modification of amino acids is characterized by the addition of a phosphate group?

Phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

All of the following amino acids can be modified into uncommon amino acids EXCEPT:

Glycine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a positively charged amino acid group?

Lysine Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation 'Arg' stand for in the context of amino acids?

Arginine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is considered essential, meaning it cannot be synthesized by the body?

Leucine Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Overview

Focus on Biological Chemistry, specifically Protein Chemistry by Dr. Frederick Sarfo-Antwi.
Objective: Understand the structure and identification of biomolecules in living cells, especially proteins.

Biomolecules of Living Cells

Biomolecules are essential for biological processes.
Four major types: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

Biomedical Importance of Proteins

Proteins play roles in anti-aging, fat-burning, arthritis relief, skin health, osteoporosis prevention, hair loss management, cholesterol regulation, diabetes control, menopause support, and performance enhancement.

Protein Deficiency

Defined as relative or absolute lack of body proteins or essential amino acids.
Affects 1 billion people globally; rare in the US due to adequate dietary protein intake.
Common causes include inadequate protein, malabsorption, liver damage, and kidney damage.
Symptoms include edema, fatty liver, anemia, skin and hair issues, muscle loss, increased fracture risk, and severity of infections.

Protein Digestion Process

Dietary proteins are hydrolyzed into amino acids by proteolytic enzymes.
Key organs involved: stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
Begins in the stomach with gastrin hormone release, leading to gastric juice secretion (HCl, pepsinogen, rennin).

Proteolytic Enzymes

Endopeptidases act inside protein cores to form small peptide fragments.
Digestion starts in the stomach and continues to the small intestine.
Enzymes play vital roles in breaking down proteins for absorption.

Mechanisms of Transport

Endocytosis: molecular movement into cells.
Exocytosis: molecular movement outside cells.

Protein Functions

Carries chemical energy, acts as signals, regulates biological processes, composes enzyme cofactors, and participates in urea production.

Amino Acids

Constituent monomers of proteins, with 20 different types identified.
Amino acids have a common structure; their sequence is determined by the corresponding genes.
Classification based on R groups: nonpolar, aromatic, polar, positively charged, and negatively charged.

Common and Uncommon Amino Acids

Common amino acids have three-letter abbreviations (e.g., Glycine - Gly, G).
Uncommon amino acids arise from post-synthetic modifications, contributing important functions (e.g., 4-hydroxyproline in collagen).

Conditions caused by protein deficiency: Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, Cachexia.
Disorders associated with amino acids can lead to metabolic complications.

Modifications of Amino Acids

Amino acids can undergo transient modifications such as phosphorylation, methylation, and acetylation, altering their function and activity in proteins.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of Protein Chemistry as introduced in the first lecture of the Biological Chemistry course (SMS 111) at UDS - School of Medicine. Students will explore the structure and classification of various biomolecules, focusing on proteins, amino acids, and peptides.