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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of bile salts?
What is the primary function of bile salts?
What is the pH of bile?
What is the pH of bile?
What is the primary organ responsible for uptake, conjugation, and secretion of bilirubin in bile?
What is the primary organ responsible for uptake, conjugation, and secretion of bilirubin in bile?
What is the approximate amount of bile secreted by the liver per day?
What is the approximate amount of bile secreted by the liver per day?
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What is the role of the gallbladder in bile secretion?
What is the role of the gallbladder in bile secretion?
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What is the biochemical nature of jaundice?
What is the biochemical nature of jaundice?
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What is the function of UDP-bilirubin glucuronosyl transferase in bilirubin metabolism?
What is the function of UDP-bilirubin glucuronosyl transferase in bilirubin metabolism?
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What is the primary source of bile acids?
What is the primary source of bile acids?
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What is the primary function of bile salts in the digestion of fats?
What is the primary function of bile salts in the digestion of fats?
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What is the effect of secretin on bile secretion?
What is the effect of secretin on bile secretion?
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What is the primary stimulant of bile secretion by liver cells?
What is the primary stimulant of bile secretion by liver cells?
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What is the effect of CCK on the gall bladder?
What is the effect of CCK on the gall bladder?
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What is the characteristic of prehepatic or hemolytic jaundice?
What is the characteristic of prehepatic or hemolytic jaundice?
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What is the effect of prehepatic or hemolytic jaundice on the excretion of urobilinogen?
What is the effect of prehepatic or hemolytic jaundice on the excretion of urobilinogen?
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What is the characteristic of post-hepatic or obstructive jaundice?
What is the characteristic of post-hepatic or obstructive jaundice?
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What is the effect of cholagogues on the bile secretion?
What is the effect of cholagogues on the bile secretion?
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What is the reason for urine contents not being significantly increased in acholuric jaundice?
What is the reason for urine contents not being significantly increased in acholuric jaundice?
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What is the characteristic of urine in hepatic jaundice?
What is the characteristic of urine in hepatic jaundice?
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What is the cause of anemia in the context of hemolytic jaundice?
What is the cause of anemia in the context of hemolytic jaundice?
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What is the characteristic of stool in post-hepatic jaundice?
What is the characteristic of stool in post-hepatic jaundice?
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What is the result of regurgitation of conjugated bilirubin into the bloodstream?
What is the result of regurgitation of conjugated bilirubin into the bloodstream?
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What is the result of deficient absorption of vitamins in post-hepatic jaundice?
What is the result of deficient absorption of vitamins in post-hepatic jaundice?
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What is the cause of pruritis in post-hepatic jaundice?
What is the cause of pruritis in post-hepatic jaundice?
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What is the characteristic of urine in post-hepatic jaundice?
What is the characteristic of urine in post-hepatic jaundice?
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Study Notes
Heme Catabolism and Bilirubin Metabolism
- Heme catabolism is the process of breaking down heme into bilirubin
- Bilirubin is then conjugated with glucuronic acid to form bilirubin glucuronide
- UDP-glucuronyltransferase is the enzyme responsible for this conjugation reaction
Bile Secretion and Functions
- Bile is secreted by hepatocytes at a rate of 500 ml/day
- Bile is stored in the gallbladder and concentrated between meals
- Bile salts play a crucial role in fat digestion and absorption, and also help excrete waste products like bilirubin
- Bicarbonate in bile neutralizes acid in the duodenum
Regulation of Bile Secretion and Gallbladder Emptying
- Bile salts are the most important stimulant of bile secretion by liver cells
- Secretin and CCK are hormones that regulate bile secretion and gallbladder emptying
- Secretin stimulates the secretion of bile rich in water and HCO3-
- CCK stimulates the gallbladder to contract and the sphincter of Oddi to relax
Cholagogues and Choleretics
- Cholagogues are medicinal agents that promote the discharge of bile from the system
- Choleretics are substances that increase the volume of secretion of bile from the liver and the amount of solids secreted
- Examples of cholagogues and choleretics include bile salts, CCK, secretin, and acetylcholine
Jaundice
- Jaundice is a condition characterized by elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood
- There are three types of jaundice: prehepatic, hepatic, and post-hepatic
- Prehepatic jaundice is caused by excessive breakdown of red blood cells
- Hepatic jaundice is caused by liver disease and the inability to process bilirubin
- Post-hepatic jaundice is caused by obstruction of the bile ducts, preventing bilirubin from being eliminated in the feces
Causes and Types of Jaundice
- Prehepatic jaundice is characterized by unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, increased urobilinogen, and normal fat digestion and absorption
- Hepatic jaundice is characterized by impaired liver function, decreased conjugation and excretion of bilirubin, and disturbed fat digestion and absorption
- Post-hepatic jaundice is characterized by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, pale stool, and dark urine
Blood Changes in Jaundice
- Anemia and increased reticulocytes are common in prehepatic jaundice
- Causes of prehepatic jaundice include spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia, G6PD deficiency, pyruvate kinase deficiency, and thalassemias
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Description
This quiz covers the mechanisms of bile secretion, heme catabolism, and bilirubin metabolism in the liver. It explains the roles of cholagogues and choleretics, and the steps involved in converting heme to bilirubin.