Medical Advancements in the 17th to 20th Century
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary system of beliefs during the prehistoric stage?

  • Humanistic principles
  • Predictable deities
  • Unpredictable spirits (correct)
  • Scientific reasoning

    • What did prehistoric people use to observe animal reactions?

  • Verbal communication
  • Scientific instruments
  • Written language
  • Artistic expression (correct)

    • What was the purpose of trepanning skulls in the prehistoric stage?

  • Cultural ritual for burial practices
  • Creation of artistic relics
  • Decoration of ceremonial masks
  • Attempt to cure diseases or free victims of demons and evil spirits (correct)

    • How did Australian Aborigines perceive illness during the prehistoric stage?

    <p>Illness occurred when a person's spirit was lost or stolen by an enemy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did witch-doctors in the prehistoric stage heal injuries?

    <p>Combined healing with other spiritual functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the end of the pre-technical stage and the birth of technical medicine?

    <p>Renaissance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for the development of embryonic cell development theory and the origin of microscopic study of tissues?

    <p>Matthias Jakob Schleiden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist made significant contributions to the field of bacteriology?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the development of insulin in 1921?

    <p>Banting and Best</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surgeon performed the first open-heart surgery in 1950?

    <p>William Bigelow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for the discovery of penicillin in the 1920s - 1930s?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which discovery is credited to Karl Landsteiner?

    <p>Blood Groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of Hippocratic Medicine?

    <p>Importance of self-care for good health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was included in the Hippocratic Ethics code?

    <p>Revering teachers and imparting knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the basis of prehistoric medicine?

    <p>Magic and religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the most important physician of the Roman Empire?

    <p>Galen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Romans develop to decrease epidemics?

    <p>Aqueducts for drinking water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of Military Medicine in Rome?

    <p>Treating wounded soldiers in military hospitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Middle Ages, what was a significant barrier to the dissemination of ideas?

    <p>Difficult and dangerous communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which century were universities like Paris and Oxford established, leading to a resurgence of learning in Europe?

    <p>12th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where were many medical ideas from the Greeks and Romans preserved during the Middle Ages?

    <p>Muslim cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which institution was a significant medical center during the Middle Ages, focusing on observation, clinical descriptions, and pharmacology?

    <p>The School of Salerno</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable feature of Islamic hospitals during the Middle Ages?

    <p>Patient-centered care and medical education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period marked advancements in hygiene, public health, and the understanding of the relationship between emotions and physical health?

    <p>The Renaissance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the 'Father of Medicine' in Ancient Egypt?

    <p>Imhotep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key contribution of Imhotep to medicine?

    <p>Writing the Edwin Smith papyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Egyptian doctors believe controlled the body?

    <p>The heart through channels and vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which civilization marked the beginning of technical medicine?

    <p>Ancient Greek civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the theory of four organic humors to explain health and disease?

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of Hippocratic medicine?

    <p>Observation, interview, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the establishment of universities like Paris and Oxford during the Middle Ages?

    <p>Resurgence of learning and advancement in medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical period is credited with the birth of scientific societies, medical journals, and advancements in hygiene?

    <p>Renaissance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the discovery of the smallpox vaccine in 1798?

    <p>Edward Jenner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant barrier to the dissemination of ideas during the Middle Ages?

    <p>Difficult and dangerous communications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial perception of the Middle Ages before the Renaissance?

    <p>Period of stagnation and ignorance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the development of the germ theory in the nineteenth century?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Scottish bacteriologist is credited with developing the first antibiotic in 1928?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who performed the first open-heart surgery in 1950?

    <p>William Bigelow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which century did the development of anesthesia and antisepsis take place?

    <p>Nineteenth Century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which British scientist led to the development of antihistamine in the 1950s?

    <p>Peter Medawar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for discovering the polio vaccine in 1954?

    <p>Joseph Salk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of Imhotep in Ancient Egyptian medicine?

    <p>He was a doctor, priest, architect, and writer of the Edwin Smith papyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Egyptian doctors believe controlled the body?

    <p>The heart through channels and vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the end of the pre-technical stage and the birth of technical medicine?

    <p>The philosophical thinking from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the 'Father of Medicine' in Ancient Egypt?

    <p>Imhotep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of Hippocratic Medicine?

    <p>Observation, interview, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Egyptian priests and wizards believe in?

    <p>Divine punishment, magic, and empirical medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of Hippocratic Medicine?

    <p>The importance of self-care for good health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the most important physician of the Roman Empire?

    <p>Galen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the end of the pre-technical stage and the birth of technical medicine?

    <p>The imposition of Greek medical knowledge by the Roman Empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the 'Father of Medicine' in Ancient Egypt?

    <p>Imhotep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable feature of Islamic hospitals during the Middle Ages?

    <p>Separate wards for different diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period marked advancements in hygiene, public health, and the understanding of the relationship between emotions and physical health?

    <p>Roman Public Health (V)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary method used by prehistoric people to observe animal reactions?

    <p>Cave paintings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the end of the pre-technical stage and the birth of technical medicine?

    <p>Medicine in Rome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable feature of Islamic hospitals during the Middle Ages?

    <p>Separate wards for different diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for the development of insulin in 1921?

    <p>Frederick Banting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surgeon performed the first open-heart surgery in 1950?

    <p>Werner Forssmann</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key contribution of Imhotep to medicine?

    <p>First known physician to use empirical methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Ancient Egyptian civilization (3000 BC – 500 BC) was the first of the world's great civilizations and marked the beginning of medical care.

    • Egyptian priests and wizards believed in divine punishment, magic, and empirical medicine.

    • Egyptian doctors made progress in understanding the human body through mummification, which provided insights into internal organs.

    • Medical training and specialization started in Ancient Egypt.

    • Imhotep (2630-2611 BC), a doctor, priest, architect, and god, is considered the "Father of Medicine." He wrote the Edwin Smith papyrus, which contains anatomical observations, ailments, and cures.

    • The Edwin Smith papyrus describes treating a broken nose with linen plugs, grease, rest, and bandages.

    • Egyptian doctors believed that the heart controlled the body through channels and vessels and identified vessels for various body parts.

    • Magic and religious medicine were practiced in Ancient Egypt alongside empirical medicine, and diseases were believed to be caused by the gods or evil spirits.

    • Ancient Greek civilization (800 BC – 300 BC), with philosophical thinking from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, marked the end of the pre-technical stage in medicine and the beginning of technical medicine.

    • Hippocrates of Cos (c.460-375 BC), known as the "Father of Medicine," introduced the theory of four organic humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) to explain health and disease.

    • Hippocratic medicine focused on observation, interview, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Practical first aid, setting broken bones, and healing centers emerged as part of medical practices during this stage.

    • Hippocratic Medicine (c.500BC): Hippocrates wrote two texts, "On Forecasting Disease" and "Regimen." He emphasized the importance of self-care, including washing, teeth rubbing, head anointing, and regular walks for good health.

    • Hippocratic Ethics: Hippocratic physicians were expected to follow a code of conduct, known as the Hippocratic Oath. This included revering their teachers, imparting knowledge, avoiding harm, and abstaining from acts of an amorous nature.

    • Prehistoric to Roman Medicine (I-V): Prehistoric medicine was based on magic and religion. The Roman Empire, which annexed Greece, imposed Greek medical knowledge and practices. Roman doctors, mostly Greek slaves, provided practical first aid and surgery without anesthesia.

    • Galen (130-200AD): Galen was the most important physician of the Roman Empire. He was trained at Alexandria and made significant contributions to sports medicine, anatomy, and pathology. However, his anatomical knowledge was based on animal dissections and contained errors.

    • Roman Public Health (V): The Romans developed a system of public health, including aqueducts for drinking water, public toilets, and a sewer system, which helped decrease epidemics. Wounded soldiers were treated in military hospitals, and civilian hospitals emerged in the 6th century AD.

    • Military Medicine in Rome (V): The Roman army placed great importance on keeping troops fit and healthy. Each legion had medical assistants, and there was an Army Medical School that required all physicians to attend. Advances in surgery included the use of antiseptics and analgesics.

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    Unit 3 History of Health Sciences PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the significant medical advancements and contributions made by key figures in the 17th to 20th century, including Matthias Jakob Schleiden, Marie François Xavier Bichat, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch.

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