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Questions and Answers
What was the primary system of beliefs during the prehistoric stage?
What did prehistoric people use to observe animal reactions?
What was the purpose of trepanning skulls in the prehistoric stage?
How did Australian Aborigines perceive illness during the prehistoric stage?
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How did witch-doctors in the prehistoric stage heal injuries?
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What marked the end of the pre-technical stage and the birth of technical medicine?
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Who is known for the development of embryonic cell development theory and the origin of microscopic study of tissues?
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Which scientist made significant contributions to the field of bacteriology?
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Who is credited with the development of insulin in 1921?
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Which surgeon performed the first open-heart surgery in 1950?
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Who is known for the discovery of penicillin in the 1920s - 1930s?
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Which discovery is credited to Karl Landsteiner?
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What was the focus of Hippocratic Medicine?
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What was included in the Hippocratic Ethics code?
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What was the basis of prehistoric medicine?
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Who was the most important physician of the Roman Empire?
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What did the Romans develop to decrease epidemics?
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What was the focus of Military Medicine in Rome?
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During the Middle Ages, what was a significant barrier to the dissemination of ideas?
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In which century were universities like Paris and Oxford established, leading to a resurgence of learning in Europe?
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Where were many medical ideas from the Greeks and Romans preserved during the Middle Ages?
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Which institution was a significant medical center during the Middle Ages, focusing on observation, clinical descriptions, and pharmacology?
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What was a notable feature of Islamic hospitals during the Middle Ages?
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Which period marked advancements in hygiene, public health, and the understanding of the relationship between emotions and physical health?
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Who is considered the 'Father of Medicine' in Ancient Egypt?
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What was the key contribution of Imhotep to medicine?
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What did Egyptian doctors believe controlled the body?
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Which civilization marked the beginning of technical medicine?
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Who introduced the theory of four organic humors to explain health and disease?
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What was the focus of Hippocratic medicine?
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What was a significant outcome of the establishment of universities like Paris and Oxford during the Middle Ages?
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What historical period is credited with the birth of scientific societies, medical journals, and advancements in hygiene?
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Who is credited with the discovery of the smallpox vaccine in 1798?
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What was a significant barrier to the dissemination of ideas during the Middle Ages?
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What was the initial perception of the Middle Ages before the Renaissance?
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Who is credited with the development of the germ theory in the nineteenth century?
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Which Scottish bacteriologist is credited with developing the first antibiotic in 1928?
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Who performed the first open-heart surgery in 1950?
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In which century did the development of anesthesia and antisepsis take place?
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Which British scientist led to the development of antihistamine in the 1950s?
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Who is known for discovering the polio vaccine in 1954?
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What was the role of Imhotep in Ancient Egyptian medicine?
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What did Egyptian doctors believe controlled the body?
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What marked the end of the pre-technical stage and the birth of technical medicine?
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Who is considered the 'Father of Medicine' in Ancient Egypt?
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What was the focus of Hippocratic Medicine?
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What did Egyptian priests and wizards believe in?
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What was the primary focus of Hippocratic Medicine?
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Who was the most important physician of the Roman Empire?
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What marked the end of the pre-technical stage and the birth of technical medicine?
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Who is considered the 'Father of Medicine' in Ancient Egypt?
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What was a notable feature of Islamic hospitals during the Middle Ages?
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Which period marked advancements in hygiene, public health, and the understanding of the relationship between emotions and physical health?
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What was the primary method used by prehistoric people to observe animal reactions?
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What marked the end of the pre-technical stage and the birth of technical medicine?
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What was a notable feature of Islamic hospitals during the Middle Ages?
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Who is known for the development of insulin in 1921?
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Which surgeon performed the first open-heart surgery in 1950?
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What was the key contribution of Imhotep to medicine?
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Study Notes
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Ancient Egyptian civilization (3000 BC – 500 BC) was the first of the world's great civilizations and marked the beginning of medical care.
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Egyptian priests and wizards believed in divine punishment, magic, and empirical medicine.
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Egyptian doctors made progress in understanding the human body through mummification, which provided insights into internal organs.
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Medical training and specialization started in Ancient Egypt.
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Imhotep (2630-2611 BC), a doctor, priest, architect, and god, is considered the "Father of Medicine." He wrote the Edwin Smith papyrus, which contains anatomical observations, ailments, and cures.
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The Edwin Smith papyrus describes treating a broken nose with linen plugs, grease, rest, and bandages.
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Egyptian doctors believed that the heart controlled the body through channels and vessels and identified vessels for various body parts.
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Magic and religious medicine were practiced in Ancient Egypt alongside empirical medicine, and diseases were believed to be caused by the gods or evil spirits.
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Ancient Greek civilization (800 BC – 300 BC), with philosophical thinking from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, marked the end of the pre-technical stage in medicine and the beginning of technical medicine.
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Hippocrates of Cos (c.460-375 BC), known as the "Father of Medicine," introduced the theory of four organic humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) to explain health and disease.
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Hippocratic medicine focused on observation, interview, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Practical first aid, setting broken bones, and healing centers emerged as part of medical practices during this stage.
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Hippocratic Medicine (c.500BC): Hippocrates wrote two texts, "On Forecasting Disease" and "Regimen." He emphasized the importance of self-care, including washing, teeth rubbing, head anointing, and regular walks for good health.
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Hippocratic Ethics: Hippocratic physicians were expected to follow a code of conduct, known as the Hippocratic Oath. This included revering their teachers, imparting knowledge, avoiding harm, and abstaining from acts of an amorous nature.
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Prehistoric to Roman Medicine (I-V): Prehistoric medicine was based on magic and religion. The Roman Empire, which annexed Greece, imposed Greek medical knowledge and practices. Roman doctors, mostly Greek slaves, provided practical first aid and surgery without anesthesia.
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Galen (130-200AD): Galen was the most important physician of the Roman Empire. He was trained at Alexandria and made significant contributions to sports medicine, anatomy, and pathology. However, his anatomical knowledge was based on animal dissections and contained errors.
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Roman Public Health (V): The Romans developed a system of public health, including aqueducts for drinking water, public toilets, and a sewer system, which helped decrease epidemics. Wounded soldiers were treated in military hospitals, and civilian hospitals emerged in the 6th century AD.
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Military Medicine in Rome (V): The Roman army placed great importance on keeping troops fit and healthy. Each legion had medical assistants, and there was an Army Medical School that required all physicians to attend. Advances in surgery included the use of antiseptics and analgesics.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the significant medical advancements and contributions made by key figures in the 17th to 20th century, including Matthias Jakob Schleiden, Marie François Xavier Bichat, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch.
