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Questions and Answers
What does 'Established' refer to in the context of drug interactions?
What does 'Established' refer to in the context of drug interactions?
What type of study is also known as a 'Prevalence study'?
What type of study is also known as a 'Prevalence study'?
What is the term for a medication error where the error reaches the patient but needs intervention?
What is the term for a medication error where the error reaches the patient but needs intervention?
What is the term for a type of study where participants receive either a drug or a placebo?
What is the term for a type of study where participants receive either a drug or a placebo?
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What does 'Possible' refer to in the context of drug interactions?
What does 'Possible' refer to in the context of drug interactions?
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What type of study is also known as a 'Prospective' study?
What type of study is also known as a 'Prospective' study?
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What is the term for a medication error where no error occurred, but there was a chance of error?
What is the term for a medication error where no error occurred, but there was a chance of error?
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What is the gold standard for clinical trials?
What is the gold standard for clinical trials?
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What does 'aq' stand for?
What does 'aq' stand for?
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What is the meaning of 'prn'?
What is the meaning of 'prn'?
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What does 'qd' stand for?
What does 'qd' stand for?
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What is the meaning of 'gtt'?
What is the meaning of 'gtt'?
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What does 'hs' stand for?
What does 'hs' stand for?
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What is the meaning of 'c'?
What is the meaning of 'c'?
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What does 'qid' stand for?
What does 'qid' stand for?
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What is the meaning of 'stat'?
What is the meaning of 'stat'?
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What does 'd/c' stand for?
What does 'd/c' stand for?
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What is the meaning of 'ss'?
What is the meaning of 'ss'?
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What is the primary obligation of beneficence in pharmacy ethics?
What is the primary obligation of beneficence in pharmacy ethics?
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What is the main purpose of cost-benefit analysis in pharmacoeconomic methodologies?
What is the main purpose of cost-benefit analysis in pharmacoeconomic methodologies?
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What is the route of administration for heparin?
What is the route of administration for heparin?
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What is the normal range for potassium levels in the blood?
What is the normal range for potassium levels in the blood?
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What is the conversion value for 1 meter to inches?
What is the conversion value for 1 meter to inches?
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What is the formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?
What is the formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?
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What is the term for the mass per unit volume of a substance?
What is the term for the mass per unit volume of a substance?
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What is the primary principle of autonomy in pharmacy ethics?
What is the primary principle of autonomy in pharmacy ethics?
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What is the antidote for Warfarin?
What is the antidote for Warfarin?
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Study Notes
Medical Abbreviations
- Aurio sinister: left ear
- PO: per os, by mouth
- AQ: aqua, water
- Ung: unguentum, ointment
- AM: ante meridian, morning
- PRN: pro re nata, as needed
- AU: auris utraque, both ears
- STAT: statim, immediately
Types of Incorrect Prescriptions
- Erroneous: brand name precedes generic name
- Violative: generic is not legible, brand name is legible
- Impossible: generic name does not correspond with brand name
Definition of Terms
- Precipitant drug: drug, chemical or food causing interaction
- Object drug: drug affected by the interaction
Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Type I: allergy, anaphylaxis, asthma; mediated by IgE
- Type II: cytotoxic, autoimmune hemolytic anemia; mediated by IgM or IgG
- Type III: immune complex disease, serum sickness; mediated by IgG
- Type IV: delayed-type hypersensitivity, contact dermatitis; mediated by T-cells
- Type V: autoimmune disease, grave's disease; mediated by IgM or IgG
Common Drug Incompatibilities
- Acacia/pectin + alcohol: turbidity
- Glycerin + KMnO4: explosion
- Aromatic water + ammonium salt: salting out
- Thymol + Camphor: eutexia
- Silver nitrate + sodium chloride: precipitation
- Acacia + Iron: gelatinization
- Acacia + Bismuth: cementation
Clinical Trials
- Randomized controlled trial: gold standard for clinical trials
- Phases of clinical trials: I-IV
- Blinded studies: single blinded, double blinded
- Cohort studies: prospective
- Case control studies: retrospective
- Cross sectional studies: prevalence study
- Cross over studies: switched with wash out period
Medication Errors
- A: no harm, no error, chances of error
- B: error, didn't reach the patient, no harm
- C: error, reached the patient, no harm
- D: error, reached the patient, needs monitoring
- E: error, reached the patient, needs intervention
- F: error, reached the patient, prolonged hospitalization
- G: error, reached the patient, permanent disability
Pharmacy Ethics
- Autonomy: respect patients as individuals and honor their preferences
- Nonmaleficence: do no harm
- Beneficence: act in the patient's best interest
- Confidentiality: respect patient privacy and autonomy
Pharmacoeconomic Methodologies
- Cost of illness: measures direct and indirect costs attributable to a specific disease
- Cost-benefit analysis: compares the costs of providing treatment with the benefits that result
- Cost-minimization analysis: compares treatment alternatives with equivalent outcomes
- Cost-effectiveness analysis: compares treatment alternatives with cost measured and treatment outcomes expressed in terms of therapeutic objective
- Cost-utility analysis: measures the consequences in terms of the quality-adjusted life year (QALY)
Warfarin vs Heparin
- Warfarin: oral administration, inhibits synthesis of clotting factors, monitored by PT-INR, teratogenic
- Heparin: IV administration, inactivates thrombin, monitored by aPTT, not teratogenic
Electrolytes
- Sodium: normal range 135-145 meq/L, increased in dehydration, decreased in diarrhea
- Potassium: normal range 3.5-5 meq/L, increased in metabolic acidosis, decreased in metabolic alkalosis
Conversion Values
- Length: 1 m = 39.37 in, 1 inch = 2.54 cm
- Volume: 1 mL = 16.23 minims, 1 mL = 20 drops or gtt, 1 minim = 0.06 mL
- Weight: 1 g = 15.432 gr, 1 kg = 2.2 lbs (avoir), 1 gr = 65 mg
Practical Conversions
- Household measures: 1 tumblerful = 240 mL, 1 teacupful = 120 mL, 1 wineglassful = 60 mL, 1 tablespoonful = 15 mL, 1 teaspoonful = 5 mL
Working Equations
- Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice versa: 5F = 9C + 160, 9C = 5F - 160
- Celsius to Kelvin: K = C + 273.15
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Description
Test your knowledge of common medical abbreviations used in healthcare. This quiz covers terms for routes of administration, timing, and more.
