Medical Abbreviations Quiz

Medical Abbreviations

• Aurio sinister: left ear
• PO: per os, by mouth
• AQ: aqua, water
• Ung: unguentum, ointment
• AM: ante meridian, morning
• PRN: pro re nata, as needed
• AU: auris utraque, both ears
• STAT: statim, immediately

Types of Incorrect Prescriptions

• Erroneous: brand name precedes generic name
• Violative: generic is not legible, brand name is legible
• Impossible: generic name does not correspond with brand name

Definition of Terms

• Precipitant drug: drug, chemical or food causing interaction
• Object drug: drug affected by the interaction

Hypersensitivity Reactions

• Type I: allergy, anaphylaxis, asthma; mediated by IgE
• Type II: cytotoxic, autoimmune hemolytic anemia; mediated by IgM or IgG
• Type III: immune complex disease, serum sickness; mediated by IgG
• Type IV: delayed-type hypersensitivity, contact dermatitis; mediated by T-cells
• Type V: autoimmune disease, grave's disease; mediated by IgM or IgG

Common Drug Incompatibilities

• Acacia/pectin + alcohol: turbidity
• Glycerin + KMnO4: explosion
• Aromatic water + ammonium salt: salting out
• Thymol + Camphor: eutexia
• Silver nitrate + sodium chloride: precipitation
• Acacia + Iron: gelatinization
• Acacia + Bismuth: cementation

Clinical Trials

• Randomized controlled trial: gold standard for clinical trials
• Phases of clinical trials: I-IV
• Blinded studies: single blinded, double blinded
• Cohort studies: prospective
• Case control studies: retrospective
• Cross sectional studies: prevalence study
• Cross over studies: switched with wash out period

Medication Errors

• A: no harm, no error, chances of error
• B: error, didn't reach the patient, no harm
• C: error, reached the patient, no harm
• D: error, reached the patient, needs monitoring
• E: error, reached the patient, needs intervention
• F: error, reached the patient, prolonged hospitalization
• G: error, reached the patient, permanent disability

Pharmacy Ethics

• Autonomy: respect patients as individuals and honor their preferences
• Nonmaleficence: do no harm
• Beneficence: act in the patient's best interest
• Confidentiality: respect patient privacy and autonomy

Pharmacoeconomic Methodologies

• Cost of illness: measures direct and indirect costs attributable to a specific disease
• Cost-benefit analysis: compares the costs of providing treatment with the benefits that result
• Cost-minimization analysis: compares treatment alternatives with equivalent outcomes
• Cost-effectiveness analysis: compares treatment alternatives with cost measured and treatment outcomes expressed in terms of therapeutic objective
• Cost-utility analysis: measures the consequences in terms of the quality-adjusted life year (QALY)

Warfarin vs Heparin

• Warfarin: oral administration, inhibits synthesis of clotting factors, monitored by PT-INR, teratogenic
• Heparin: IV administration, inactivates thrombin, monitored by aPTT, not teratogenic

Electrolytes

• Sodium: normal range 135-145 meq/L, increased in dehydration, decreased in diarrhea
• Potassium: normal range 3.5-5 meq/L, increased in metabolic acidosis, decreased in metabolic alkalosis

Conversion Values

• Length: 1 m = 39.37 in, 1 inch = 2.54 cm
• Volume: 1 mL = 16.23 minims, 1 mL = 20 drops or gtt, 1 minim = 0.06 mL
• Weight: 1 g = 15.432 gr, 1 kg = 2.2 lbs (avoir), 1 gr = 65 mg

Practical Conversions

• Household measures: 1 tumblerful = 240 mL, 1 teacupful = 120 mL, 1 wineglassful = 60 mL, 1 tablespoonful = 15 mL, 1 teaspoonful = 5 mL

Working Equations

• Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice versa: 5F = 9C + 160, 9C = 5F - 160
• Celsius to Kelvin: K = C + 273.15