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Questions and Answers
What does a grade of 1+ on the Deep Tendon Reflex scale indicate?
What does a grade of 1+ on the Deep Tendon Reflex scale indicate?
What is the main function of the optic nerve?
What is the main function of the optic nerve?
During which test would a patient be asked to identify odors with their eyes closed?
During which test would a patient be asked to identify odors with their eyes closed?
What is the response for a hyperactive reflex with clonus graded as?
What is the response for a hyperactive reflex with clonus graded as?
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What action assesses the function of the trigeminal nerve?
What action assesses the function of the trigeminal nerve?
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Which cranial nerve is associated with balance and hearing?
Which cranial nerve is associated with balance and hearing?
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What test involves having a patient say 'ahh' to assess which cranial nerve?
What test involves having a patient say 'ahh' to assess which cranial nerve?
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Which cranial nerve allows for eye movement and is assessed through peripheral vision tests?
Which cranial nerve allows for eye movement and is assessed through peripheral vision tests?
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How is the Quick DASH Score calculated?
How is the Quick DASH Score calculated?
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What should be done if more than one item is unanswered in the Quick DASH scoring?
What should be done if more than one item is unanswered in the Quick DASH scoring?
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Which muscle can be palpated by maneuvering the relaxed upper extremity in side-lying position?
Which muscle can be palpated by maneuvering the relaxed upper extremity in side-lying position?
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Where should you palpate to check the Infraspinatus?
Where should you palpate to check the Infraspinatus?
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Which muscle's tendon is associated with the acromion process?
Which muscle's tendon is associated with the acromion process?
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What is the distance measured in the arm's rotational lack test?
What is the distance measured in the arm's rotational lack test?
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In which position is the Teres Minor muscle palpated?
In which position is the Teres Minor muscle palpated?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the rotator cuff group?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the rotator cuff group?
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What does the abbreviation 'MS' stand for in a medical context?
What does the abbreviation 'MS' stand for in a medical context?
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Which of the following abbreviations indicates a medical condition related to the heart?
Which of the following abbreviations indicates a medical condition related to the heart?
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What does the abbreviation 'NKA' signify?
What does the abbreviation 'NKA' signify?
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In the context of physical therapy, what does 'PROM' stand for?
In the context of physical therapy, what does 'PROM' stand for?
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Which of the following abbreviations refers to a type of exercise used in rehabilitation?
Which of the following abbreviations refers to a type of exercise used in rehabilitation?
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What does the abbreviation 'WBAT' mean in a clinical setting?
What does the abbreviation 'WBAT' mean in a clinical setting?
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Which abbreviation refers to an exercise specifically for the knee?
Which abbreviation refers to an exercise specifically for the knee?
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What does 'NWB' indicate regarding a patient's mobility status?
What does 'NWB' indicate regarding a patient's mobility status?
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What does the abbreviation 'PFT' stand for in pulmonary medicine?
What does the abbreviation 'PFT' stand for in pulmonary medicine?
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Which abbreviation signifies a common noninsulin-dependent diabetes condition?
Which abbreviation signifies a common noninsulin-dependent diabetes condition?
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Which of the following does 'PEEP' refer to in a medical context?
Which of the following does 'PEEP' refer to in a medical context?
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What is indicated by the abbreviation 'RA' in a medical context?
What is indicated by the abbreviation 'RA' in a medical context?
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What does 'Rx' signify in medical documentation?
What does 'Rx' signify in medical documentation?
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Which of the following is indicated by the abbreviation 'PVC'?
Which of the following is indicated by the abbreviation 'PVC'?
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Which movement is associated with the capsular tightness in the posterior capsule?
Which movement is associated with the capsular tightness in the posterior capsule?
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What is the normal range of motion for shoulder elevation?
What is the normal range of motion for shoulder elevation?
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Which of the following muscles contributes to shoulder abduction?
Which of the following muscles contributes to shoulder abduction?
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To facilitate shoulder internal rotation, what is the humeral head expected to do?
To facilitate shoulder internal rotation, what is the humeral head expected to do?
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Which nerve root is associated with the latissimus dorsi muscle?
Which nerve root is associated with the latissimus dorsi muscle?
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During upward scapular rotation, which two muscles work together?
During upward scapular rotation, which two muscles work together?
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What is the expected arthrokinematic motion to facilitate shoulder elevation?
What is the expected arthrokinematic motion to facilitate shoulder elevation?
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Which condition is associated with a hard capsular end-feel during shoulder movement?
Which condition is associated with a hard capsular end-feel during shoulder movement?
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What movement restriction is linked to the anterior capsule of the shoulder?
What movement restriction is linked to the anterior capsule of the shoulder?
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Which nerve is primarily responsible for the sensation in the lateral forearm?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for the sensation in the lateral forearm?
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What is the normal total range of motion for internal and external rotation combined in the shoulder?
What is the normal total range of motion for internal and external rotation combined in the shoulder?
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Which force couple is responsible for shoulder elevation?
Which force couple is responsible for shoulder elevation?
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Which condition would be indicated by night pain and a weak rotator cuff during assessment?
Which condition would be indicated by night pain and a weak rotator cuff during assessment?
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What is indicated by a positive Belly Press or Napoleon Sign test?
What is indicated by a positive Belly Press or Napoleon Sign test?
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What is the primary purpose of the Bear-Hug test?
What is the primary purpose of the Bear-Hug test?
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Which test is used to confirm shoulder impingement?
Which test is used to confirm shoulder impingement?
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What is the interpretation of a positive Hawkins/Kennedy Test?
What is the interpretation of a positive Hawkins/Kennedy Test?
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What finding is observed during a positive Sulcus Sign test?
What finding is observed during a positive Sulcus Sign test?
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What does a positive Jerk Test indicate?
What does a positive Jerk Test indicate?
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What is the main focus of Neer’s Test?
What is the main focus of Neer’s Test?
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When performing the Apprehension Test, what is the expected response from the client if the test is positive?
When performing the Apprehension Test, what is the expected response from the client if the test is positive?
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What range of sensitivity is reported for the Bear-Hug Test?
What range of sensitivity is reported for the Bear-Hug Test?
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In the context of the Hawkins/Kennedy Test, what does a specificity of 25%–66% suggest?
In the context of the Hawkins/Kennedy Test, what does a specificity of 25%–66% suggest?
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Study Notes
Abbreviations and Medical Terminology
- aureus: A genus of bacteria, commonly referring to Staphylococcus aureus, known for causing infections.
- MS: Stands for multiple sclerosis, a chronic disease affecting the central nervous system.
- MTrP: Myofascial trigger point, a hyperirritable spot in skeletal muscle.
- MTP: Refers to metatarsal phalangeal joints in the foot.
- MVA: Abbreviation for motor vehicle accident.
- MWD: Microwave diathermy, a therapeutic technique using microwave energy for heating tissues.
- n/a: Not applicable in a clinical context.
- N + V: Indicates nausea and vomiting, common symptoms in various conditions.
- NAD: No acute distress, a finding during clinical assessment.
- NCV: Nerve conduction velocity, a test for measuring the speed of electrical signals through nerves.
- ng: Stands for nasogastric, referring to a tube passing through the nose into the stomach.
- NIDDM: Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus, also known as Type 2 diabetes.
- NKA: No known allergies, an important part of medical history.
- NKDA: No known drug allergies, relevant for safe medication administration.
- NPO: Nothing by mouth, indicating dietary restrictions before procedures.
- NSAID: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, common pain relievers.
- NSR: Normal sinus rhythm, a regular heart rhythm.
- NWB: Non-weight bearing, a guideline following an injury or surgery.
- PE: Pulmonary embolus, a blockage in a pulmonary artery, often from a blood clot.
- POD: Post-operative day, used to indicate the day after a surgical procedure.
- SOAP: Subjective, objective, assessment, plan format for medical documentation.
Shoulder Anatomy
- Muscles: Includes the supraspinatus, infracapularis, and teres major, essential for arm movements.
- Brachial Plexus: A network of nerves crucial for upper limb function.
- Coracoacromial and Coracohumeral Ligaments: Important stabilizing structures in the shoulder joint.
- Clavicle: Connects the arm to the body, articulating with the acromion process.
Medical Red Flags
- Pericarditis: Characterized by sharp chest pain and systemic signs like fever and tachycardia.
- Cardiac Ischemia: Symptoms can include chest pain radiating to the neck, jaw, and left arm, along with hypertension.
- Pulmonary Pathology: Symptoms may include shoulder pain alongside respiratory distress, indicating serious conditions.
Clinical Assessments
- Shoulder Pain & Disability Index (SPADI): Measures pain severity and disability related to shoulder conditions.
- Deep Tendon Reflexes: Scored from 0 (absent) to 4 (hyperactive), indicating neurological function.
- Cranial Nerves Assessment: Evaluates sensory and motor functions through standardized tests.
Functional and Movement Assessment
- Range of Motion (ROM): Key indicator of shoulder function, assessed through rotational lack tests to measure flexibility.
Treatment Techniques
- TENS: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, used for pain relief.
- PROM: Passive range of motion exercises, important in rehabilitation.
- Therapeutic Exercise: Essential in recovery and improvement of function.
Palpation Techniques
- Rotator Cuff Muscles: Specific techniques for palpating each muscle to assess tenderness and dysfunction, crucial in orthopedic evaluations.
Referral Patterns
- Muscle Pain Referral: Understanding how pain patterns can indicate issues in different structures, such as the supraspinatus referring pain to the shoulder and neck areas.### Apley Scratch Test
- Comprises three components to screen shoulder mobility:
- Hand to opposite shoulder
- Hand behind back to opposite scapula
- Hand behind back to inferior angle of opposite scapula
Capsular Patterns
-
Posterior capsule:
- Restrictions include decreased horizontal adduction, internal rotation, and end-range flexion
- Results in weak external rotation and poor scapular stability
-
Posterior-inferior capsule:
- Decreased elevation, internal rotation, and horizontal adduction
-
Posterior-superior capsule:
- Decreased internal rotation
-
Anterior-superior capsule:
- Decreased end-range flexion, extension, external rotation, and horizontal abduction
- Associated with weak rotator cuff and night pain
-
Anterior capsule:
- Decreased abduction, extension, external rotation, and horizontal adduction
Osteokinematics of the Shoulder
- Normal range of motion for shoulder elevation is 165°–170° with 55°–70° in maximal abduction and external rotation
- Abduction involves elastic end-feel, and abnormal conditions may result in hard capsular feel indicating frozen shoulder
- Scapulohumeral rhythm is characterized by a 2:1 ratio (120° from humerus: 60° from scapula)
Arthrokinematics for Shoulder Mobilization
- Humeral head mechanics during different movements:
- Elevation: Spins posteriorly
- Abduction: Rolls superiorly and glides inferiorly
- Internal rotation: Rolls posteriorly and glides anteriorly
- External rotation: Rolls anteriorly and glides posteriorly
Strength & Function: Force Couples of the Shoulder
- Elevation requires trapezius, rhomboid, and serratus anterior
- Upward rotation involves upper/lower trapezius and serratus anterior
- Abduction involves supraspinatus, subscapularis, and deltoid
- Stabilization of the humeral head is ensured by rotator cuff and long head of biceps
Neuromuscular Relationships of the Cervical Spine
- C3–T1 nerve roots supplying muscles and functions:
- Weakness and sensory deficits are assessed in various muscle groups via specific nerve roots
- C5–6 roots are significant for shoulder musculature, including rotator cuff muscles
Brachial Plexus: Roots, Muscles, & Function
- Key nerves and associated muscles include:
- Radial nerve: Weakness in wrist/finger extension; affects grip
- Median nerve: Weakness in wrist flexion and thumb movements
- Ulnar nerve: Weakness in finger abduction/adduction
Special Tests for Shoulder Conditions
- Belly Press Test: Assesses subscapularis; positive test indicates weakness and pain during internal rotation.
- Bear-Hug Test: Evaluates subscapularis strength by resisting internal rotation; positive if unable to hold.
- Hawkins/Kennedy Test: Tests for impingement by placing shoulder in a flexed and internally rotated position; positive result is pain.
- Neer’s Test: Assesses shoulder impingement; positive result is pain with full shoulder flexion.
- Sulcus Sign: Tests for inferior instability; positive if gap at shoulder joint exceeds one finger width.
- Apprehension Test: Evaluates anterior stability; positive if client shows apprehension or pain with external rotation.
Summary of Testing
- Sensitivity and specificity values are documented for various tests, aiding in diagnosis of shoulder issues and evaluating integrity of specific muscles and structures.
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Description
Test your knowledge on common medical abbreviations used in healthcare settings. This quiz covers various terms related to conditions, treatments, and symptoms. Perfect for medical students or anyone interested in the medical field.
