Medical Abbreviations Quiz

Abbreviations and Medical Terminology

• aureus: A genus of bacteria, commonly referring to Staphylococcus aureus, known for causing infections.
• MS: Stands for multiple sclerosis, a chronic disease affecting the central nervous system.
• MTrP: Myofascial trigger point, a hyperirritable spot in skeletal muscle.
• MTP: Refers to metatarsal phalangeal joints in the foot.
• MVA: Abbreviation for motor vehicle accident.
• MWD: Microwave diathermy, a therapeutic technique using microwave energy for heating tissues.
• n/a: Not applicable in a clinical context.
• N + V: Indicates nausea and vomiting, common symptoms in various conditions.
• NAD: No acute distress, a finding during clinical assessment.
• NCV: Nerve conduction velocity, a test for measuring the speed of electrical signals through nerves.
• ng: Stands for nasogastric, referring to a tube passing through the nose into the stomach.
• NIDDM: Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus, also known as Type 2 diabetes.
• NKA: No known allergies, an important part of medical history.
• NKDA: No known drug allergies, relevant for safe medication administration.
• NPO: Nothing by mouth, indicating dietary restrictions before procedures.
• NSAID: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, common pain relievers.
• NSR: Normal sinus rhythm, a regular heart rhythm.
• NWB: Non-weight bearing, a guideline following an injury or surgery.
• PE: Pulmonary embolus, a blockage in a pulmonary artery, often from a blood clot.
• POD: Post-operative day, used to indicate the day after a surgical procedure.
• SOAP: Subjective, objective, assessment, plan format for medical documentation.

Shoulder Anatomy

• Muscles: Includes the supraspinatus, infracapularis, and teres major, essential for arm movements.
• Brachial Plexus: A network of nerves crucial for upper limb function.
• Coracoacromial and Coracohumeral Ligaments: Important stabilizing structures in the shoulder joint.
• Clavicle: Connects the arm to the body, articulating with the acromion process.

Medical Red Flags

• Pericarditis: Characterized by sharp chest pain and systemic signs like fever and tachycardia.
• Cardiac Ischemia: Symptoms can include chest pain radiating to the neck, jaw, and left arm, along with hypertension.
• Pulmonary Pathology: Symptoms may include shoulder pain alongside respiratory distress, indicating serious conditions.

Clinical Assessments

• Shoulder Pain & Disability Index (SPADI): Measures pain severity and disability related to shoulder conditions.
• Deep Tendon Reflexes: Scored from 0 (absent) to 4 (hyperactive), indicating neurological function.
• Cranial Nerves Assessment: Evaluates sensory and motor functions through standardized tests.

Functional and Movement Assessment

• Range of Motion (ROM): Key indicator of shoulder function, assessed through rotational lack tests to measure flexibility.

Treatment Techniques

• TENS: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, used for pain relief.
• PROM: Passive range of motion exercises, important in rehabilitation.
• Therapeutic Exercise: Essential in recovery and improvement of function.

Palpation Techniques

• Rotator Cuff Muscles: Specific techniques for palpating each muscle to assess tenderness and dysfunction, crucial in orthopedic evaluations.

Referral Patterns

• Muscle Pain Referral: Understanding how pain patterns can indicate issues in different structures, such as the supraspinatus referring pain to the shoulder and neck areas.### Apley Scratch Test
• Comprises three components to screen shoulder mobility:
  • Hand to opposite shoulder
  • Hand behind back to opposite scapula
  • Hand behind back to inferior angle of opposite scapula

Capsular Patterns

• Posterior capsule:
  • Restrictions include decreased horizontal adduction, internal rotation, and end-range flexion
  • Results in weak external rotation and poor scapular stability
• Posterior-inferior capsule:
  • Decreased elevation, internal rotation, and horizontal adduction
• Posterior-superior capsule:
  • Decreased internal rotation
• Anterior-superior capsule:
  • Decreased end-range flexion, extension, external rotation, and horizontal abduction
  • Associated with weak rotator cuff and night pain
• Anterior capsule:
  • Decreased abduction, extension, external rotation, and horizontal adduction

Osteokinematics of the Shoulder

• Normal range of motion for shoulder elevation is 165°–170° with 55°–70° in maximal abduction and external rotation
• Abduction involves elastic end-feel, and abnormal conditions may result in hard capsular feel indicating frozen shoulder
• Scapulohumeral rhythm is characterized by a 2:1 ratio (120° from humerus: 60° from scapula)

Arthrokinematics for Shoulder Mobilization

• Humeral head mechanics during different movements:
  • Elevation: Spins posteriorly
  • Abduction: Rolls superiorly and glides inferiorly
  • Internal rotation: Rolls posteriorly and glides anteriorly
  • External rotation: Rolls anteriorly and glides posteriorly

Strength & Function: Force Couples of the Shoulder

• Elevation requires trapezius, rhomboid, and serratus anterior
• Upward rotation involves upper/lower trapezius and serratus anterior
• Abduction involves supraspinatus, subscapularis, and deltoid
• Stabilization of the humeral head is ensured by rotator cuff and long head of biceps

Neuromuscular Relationships of the Cervical Spine

• C3–T1 nerve roots supplying muscles and functions:
  • Weakness and sensory deficits are assessed in various muscle groups via specific nerve roots
  • C5–6 roots are significant for shoulder musculature, including rotator cuff muscles

Brachial Plexus: Roots, Muscles, & Function

• Key nerves and associated muscles include:
  • Radial nerve: Weakness in wrist/finger extension; affects grip
  • Median nerve: Weakness in wrist flexion and thumb movements
  • Ulnar nerve: Weakness in finger abduction/adduction

Special Tests for Shoulder Conditions

• Belly Press Test: Assesses subscapularis; positive test indicates weakness and pain during internal rotation.
• Bear-Hug Test: Evaluates subscapularis strength by resisting internal rotation; positive if unable to hold.
• Hawkins/Kennedy Test: Tests for impingement by placing shoulder in a flexed and internally rotated position; positive result is pain.
• Neer’s Test: Assesses shoulder impingement; positive result is pain with full shoulder flexion.
• Sulcus Sign: Tests for inferior instability; positive if gap at shoulder joint exceeds one finger width.
• Apprehension Test: Evaluates anterior stability; positive if client shows apprehension or pain with external rotation.

Summary of Testing

• Sensitivity and specificity values are documented for various tests, aiding in diagnosis of shoulder issues and evaluating integrity of specific muscles and structures.