Media Theories Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of the Philippine Journalist's Code of Ethics?

  • Ensuring accuracy and objectivity in news reporting.
  • Protecting the rights of women in the media.
  • Regulating the content of advertisements.
  • Promoting ethical standards for journalists. (correct)
  • According to the Philippine Journalist's Code of Ethics, what is prohibited regarding gender representation?

  • Employing women in high-profile positions.
  • Using gender-neutral language in all reporting.
  • Including women's perspectives in news stories.
  • Portraying women solely as housewives. (correct)
  • What kind of language is specifically addressed in the Philippine Daily Inquirer Manual of Standards and stated as being 'false and demeaning'?

  • Language that is overly informal.
  • Language that is culturally insensitive.
  • Language that stereotypes women. (correct)
  • Language that uses technical jargon.
  • What does the Philippine Daily Inquirer Manual of Standards state about the changing role of women?

    <p>It encourages journalists to acknowledge the changing role of women in their reporting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a violation of the Standards of Advertising of the Ad Standards Council Inc. (2010) regarding sex and representation?

    <p>An advertisement depicting a woman as a sex object. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Standards of Advertising of the Ad Standards Council Inc. (2010), what type of language should be avoided in advertisements?

    <p>Language that uses sexist terms or stereotypes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT prohibited by the Standards of Advertising of the Ad Standards Council Inc. (2010) regarding content?

    <p>Advertisements that contain religious themes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 1987 Supreme Court decision mentioned in the text?

    <p>It upheld the Philippine Journalist's Code of Ethics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes the importance of "informativeness, truth, accuracy, and objectivity" in media?

    <p>Soviet Media Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theories focuses on the needs and aspirations of the active receiver in a political society?

    <p>MQ Quail Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main obligation of media according to the Authoritarian Theory?

    <p>To promote the government's agenda. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these theories is described as having "lacks full legitimation and incorporation to media institutions"?

    <p>MQ Quail Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory involves a spectrum of communication processes and strategies within international development?

    <p>Development Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of media organizations under the Soviet Communist/ Workers Theory?

    <p>To serve the interests of the working class (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinction between the Social Responsibility Theory and the Libertarian Theory, as described in the text?

    <p>The Libertarian Theory emphasizes the pursuit of profit, while the Social Responsibility Theory focuses on addressing societal needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key principle behind the Social Responsibility Theory in the context of media?

    <p>Media should strive to reflect the diversity of society and offer various viewpoints. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes the importance of addressing social problems through media?

    <p>Social Responsibility Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the theories presented, which theory is characterized by advocating for punishment of individuals who deviate from official policy?

    <p>Authoritarian Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the justification for the "Social Responsibility" theory's stance on media's role in society?

    <p>Media should be a tool for social change and betterment by addressing societal issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of the "Social Responsibility" theory, as outlined in the text?

    <p>It promotes a pluralistic media landscape that reflects diverse viewpoints. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Siebert's primary contribution to the understanding of media theories, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>He developed a comprehensive framework for understanding the relationship between media and society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that the MTRCB considers when reviewing television programs?

    <p>Whether the program promotes free speech (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is the main concern regarding accuracy in reporting?

    <p>The misrepresentation of facts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the KBP in relation to television broadcasting?

    <p>Maintaining ethical standards and enforcing discipline among broadcasters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT prohibited by Article 27, Section 1 of the KBP's code on on-air language?

    <p>Sexist language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the content suggest is the role of a reporter in relation to a direct observation of an event?

    <p>To verify information gathered directly from observation with other sources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following situations is NOT explicitly mentioned in the text as potentially leading to inaccuracy in reporting?

    <p>Misinterpreting statistical data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is the primary reason for the MTRCB's power of review and prior approval of television programs?

    <p>To ensure the programs are aligned with the country's values and principles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the content, what is the relationship between the MTRCB's power of review and the Constitution's guarantee of freedom of speech?

    <p>The MTRCB's power is limited by the Constitution's guarantee of free speech. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary objective of the Soviet Socialist system's media model?

    <p>To support the Soviet Socialist Party's aims and goals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors could limit the benefits of media development in developing countries, according to UNESCO?

    <p>The lack of technical infrastructure and reliance on developed countries for technology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these elements are common to both the Social Responsibility Theory and the Soviet Socialist media model?

    <p>Emphasis on the media's role in promoting social responsibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key principle is emphasized in the Democratic Participant Theory of media?

    <p>The right of individuals to participate in media production and distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided text, what is one significant difference between the media models of Western Europe and the Soviet Union?

    <p>Western European media generally operates under a free and independent model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the media according to the Social Responsibility Theory?

    <p>To fulfill a positive function in society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Development Media Theory?

    <p>Focus on economic growth and technological advancement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the KAPISANAN NG MGA BRODKASTER NG PILIPINAS (KBP)?

    <p>To regulate the broadcast industry in the Philippines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided text, what is a challenge faced by the KBP in enforcing its broadcast code?

    <p>Shortage of qualified personnel to monitor all stations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial step in ensuring the accuracy of a news story when relying on second-hand information?

    <p>Evaluating the credibility of the source of the information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Broadcast Code of the Philippines state regarding the use of a person's race, religion, or disability in broadcast media?

    <p>Content that could embarrass, denigrate, or ridicule individuals based on these factors is prohibited. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern addressed in the "Other Standards of Presentation" section of the Broadcast Code regarding advertisements?

    <p>Avoiding the use of language that could be considered offensive or disparaging. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of the Broadcast Code of the Philippines, as outlined in the provided content?

    <p>Establishing clear legal parameters for the regulation of broadcasting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge in implementing the Broadcast Code of the Philippines effectively?

    <p>The lack of enforcement mechanisms to address violations of the code. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best summarizes the main point of the provided text?

    <p>The implementation and enforcement of the Broadcast Code of the Philippines is a complicated and ongoing process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Authoritarian Theory

    A media model where the government controls outlets to enforce societal obligations.

    Media Obligations

    The responsibilities of the media to serve the society's needs and aspirations.

    Development Theory

    A communication theory focused on the process of development and societal advancement.

    Informative Media

    Media that prioritizes truth, accuracy, objectivity, and balance in reporting.

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    Professional Norms

    Standards of conduct that media professionals are expected to follow.

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    Soviet Socialist Party Objectives

    Goals intended to promote a socialist way of governance in the Soviet Union.

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    Self-Regulatory Media

    Media that governs itself in terms of content and standards.

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    Social Responsibility Theory

    Media should act in the public interest, balancing freedom with social responsibility.

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    Characteristics of Western European Media

    Most media in Western Europe align with social responsibility and maintain high public regard.

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    Democratic Participant Theory

    Media should facilitate active citizen participation in democracy.

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    Media Pluralism

    The existence of diverse media outlets that represent various groups and opinions.

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    Communication Infrastructure

    The systems and services that support communication processes in a society.

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    Media Function

    The expected role of media to inform, educate, and entertain the public without bias.

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    Franchise Authorization

    Legal permission granted to operate a public utility.

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    Gender Stereotypes in Media

    Media portrayals that reinforce traditional gender roles.

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    Accuracy in Reporting

    The need for precision in language and fact-checking by reporters.

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    Prohibited Language

    Use of vulgar, obscene, or indecent language is forbidden in media.

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    Violence Indication in Language

    Language that suggests violence or rebellion is not allowed.

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    Self-Regulation in Media

    The KBP's authority to enforce rules on broadcast content.

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    Supreme Court on MTRCB

    Supreme Court supports MTRCB's power over all television programs.

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    Name-Calling in Media

    Prohibition of personal insults or derogatory terms in reporting.

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    SIEBERT'S THEORY

    Links advance censorship with press freedom and responsibility.

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    SOLO POOL'S VIEW

    Suggests nations won't tolerate press freedom that divides.

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    FOUR THEORIES OF THE PRESS

    Framework outlining major theories of media responsibilities.

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    COMMUNIST MEDIA THEORY

    Media serves the working class, based on Marxist principles.

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    PLURALIZATION OF MEDIA

    Indicates diverse media ownership and viewpoints.

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    BEHAVIOR CHANGE

    Using media to influence public behavior positively.

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    SOCIAL MARKETING

    Strategies developed for better societal outcomes via media.

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    Philippine Journalist's Code of Ethics

    A set of guidelines established to govern journalists' conduct in the Philippines.

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    Non-sexist language

    Language that avoids excluding or stereotyping women.

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    Canons of Taste

    Guidelines for journalists to avoid offensive content.

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    Slurs

    Inappropriate and derogatory language that targets individuals.

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    Stereotyping

    Oversimplified and fixed ideas about a group of people.

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    Sex objects

    Depicting individuals primarily in a sexualized manner.

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    Offensive content

    Language or imagery that is disrespectful or harmful.

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    Salacious themes

    Content that is sexually provocative or indecent.

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    KBP

    KAPISANAN NG MGA BRODKASTER NG PILIPINAS, a self-regulatory body for broadcasters in the Philippines.

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    Authoritative Sources

    Reliable sources used to confirm information, especially when firsthand observation is not possible.

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    Second-hand Accounts

    Information obtained indirectly from another party rather than firsthand experience.

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    Disparagement in Advertising

    Ads must not ridicule or attack individuals or groups based on various characteristics.

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    Discrimination Clause

    Prohibits broadcasting or advertising content that embarrasses or denigrates individuals based on gender, race, etc.

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    Implementation Challenges

    Difficulties faced by KBP in enforcing their codes due to insufficient personnel.

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    Broadcast Code of the Philippines 2007

    Set of guidelines established to regulate broadcasting standards in the Philippines.

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    Study Notes

    Media Theories

    • Authoritarian Theory: Advocates government control of the media, believing truth comes from a few. This theory was prominent in pre-democratic societies with limited ruling classes. Media are restricted from publishing or broadcasting anything that challenges the established authority. Media professionals have no independence.
    • Libertarian Theory: This theory emphasizes the freedom of the press and individuals to publish as they see fit. It champions uncensored ideas, supporting a free flow of information and ideas. Free exchange, and open debate are key aspects.
    • Social Responsibility Theory: A development of libertarian principles, this theory suggests media have a responsibility to the public. It emphasizes diverse perspectives and balanced reporting while addressing the danger of reporting that causes violence or conflict.
    • Soviet Communist Theory: This theory promotes media that supports the Soviet social system, with media functioning as a tool of the state. Private ownership is explicitly rejected, and the media's explicit function is viewed as essential to social objectives. This theory has developed into a closer social responsibility theory.

    Press Theories and Censorship

    • Four Theories: Siebert, Peterson, and Schramm articulated four major media theories: authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility, and the soviet communist variant.
    • Censorship: Censorship, a critical element of authoritarian theory, is the suppression of content deemed politically unacceptable, and is justified in certain circumstances to protect the state's interests
    • Advance Censorship: The theories examine different types of censorship, such as censorship that is implemented prior to publication.
    • Advocacy of the State: Some authoritarian theories view the media and it's personnel as an extension of the state, requiring adherence to official policy.

    Additional Information

    • John Milton: An eighteenth century proponent of the idea that truth is best developed through free and open debate.
    • John Stuart Mill: Another prominent thinker advocating for free expression as a fundamental human right.
    • Thomas Jefferson: Viewed a free press role to deliver truth to the people.
    • Sola Pool: No political system can uphold press freedom if that system itself is factional. Therefore, there is a need for self-regulation of the press to avoid political division.
    • Marx and Engels: Philosophers and political theorists whose ideas formed the foundation for Soviet theory.
    • Media Freedom: Focuses on guaranteeing the free flow of information and ideas.
    • Countries Practicing Libertarian Theory: The text notes certain countries, including the United States, adopting libertarian principles.

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