Questions and Answers
What does DM stand for?
diabetes mellitus
What does FBS stand for?
fasting blood sugar
What is the abbreviation for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone?
SIADH
What does the combining form toc/o mean?
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What does the prefix tetra- mean?
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What does the combining form dips/o mean?
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Hyper_____ means high amounts of calcium in the blood
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A(n) _________ steroid is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex
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Gluc________ is a pancreatic hormone that increases blood sugar by converting glycogen to glucose
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________thyroidism means excessive thyroid activity and hormone secretion
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Deficiency of all pituitary hormones is called ______hypopituitarism
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The ______hypophysis is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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To measure long-term blood glucose control, a ____________ hemoglobin test is done
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What is the condition caused by excess ACTH secretion due to glucocorticoids?
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What is the term for children with normal mental abilities but small and underdeveloped bones?
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Mr. Duarte suffers from which type of diabetes?
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What complication occurs when a patient diagnosed with type 1 diabetes takes too much insulin?
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What hormone increases blood calcium levels?
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Which hormone increases reabsorption of sodium in the blood?
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Which hormone promotes breast tissue growth and milk secretion?
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Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor?
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What is the gland at the base of the brain?
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What gland behind the stomach secretes hormones from islet cells?
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The __________ glands are small glands on the posterior side of the thyroid
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What is the inner section of the adrenal gland?
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What gland in the neck is responsible for various hormonal functions?
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What is the outer section of the adrenal gland?
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Pheochromocytoma is a benign tumor of the ______ characterized by _________ secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
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What is another name for growth hormone (GH)?
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What are hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that help maintain glucose levels?
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What are the hormones secreted by the testes?
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What is the primary female sex hormone?
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Study Notes
Endocrine System Terminology
- DM stands for diabetes mellitus, a chronic condition affecting blood sugar regulation.
- FBS refers to fasting blood sugar, an important test for diabetes management.
- SIADH signifies syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, a disorder of fluid balance.
Key Word Parts
- Toc/o denotes childbirth, indicating its relevance in obstetric terminology.
- Tetra- is a prefix meaning four, useful in describing structures or quantities involving four parts.
- Dips/o signifies thirst, related to fluid intake and hydration assessments.
Hormonal Functions and Conditions
- Hypercalcemia concerns high levels of calcium in the blood, indicated by the suffix -calc.
- Cortico refers to corticosteroids, hormones from the adrenal cortex influencing various bodily functions.
- Glucagon is a pancreatic hormone that elevates blood glucose levels by converting glycogen into glucose.
Thyroid Hormone Insights
- Hyperthyroidism is characterized by excessive activity of the thyroid gland.
- -pan indicates a deficiency of all pituitary hormones, termed panhypopituitarism.
- Neurohypophysis refers to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, responsible for secreting certain hormones.
Blood Sugar and Diabetes Management
- Glycosylated hemoglobin tests measure long-term blood glucose control, reflecting average glucose levels over time.
- Cushing syndrome results from excess ACTH secretion, often seen in patients taking glucocorticoids for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
Growth and Development
- Dwarfism in children is marked by normal intellectual development but underdeveloped bones.
- Endemic goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency, prevalent in certain geographical areas.
Hormonal Actions and Effects
- Thymosin stimulates immune system development, particularly lymphocyte production.
- Calcitonin regulates calcium levels by promoting calcium uptake into bones.
Hormonal Targets and Regulation
- Targets are organs or tissues where hormones exert their effects, such as the pituitary gland for gonadotropins.
- Hypothalamus controls pituitary secretions through signaling, coordinating hormonal activities in the body.
Disorders Related to Hormonal Imbalance
- Gigantism is caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty, leading to excessive growth.
- Myxedema results from severe hypothyroidism, presenting symptoms like fatigue and dry skin.
Diabetes Types and Complications
- Type 1 diabetes is characterized by insufficient insulin production, leading to complications like ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia.
- Hypoglycemia occurs when excessive insulin levels overwhelm the body's blood sugar balance.
Hormonal Functions from Various Glands
- Parathormone increases blood calcium levels, crucial for bone health and homeostasis.
- Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, influencing blood pressure and fluid balance.
- Prolactin stimulates both breast tissue growth and milk production, key for lactation.
- Oxytocin triggers uterine contractions during labor, playing a vital role in childbirth.
Glandular Structures
- The pituitary gland, located at the brain's base, is vital for overall endocrine function.
- The pancreas contains islet cells that secrete hormones regulating blood sugar.
- Parathyroid glands, located posteriorly to the thyroid, regulate calcium levels in the blood.
- The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, critical for stress responses.
Hormones and Their Classes
- Somatotropin is another name for growth hormone, essential for growth and metabolism.
- Glucocorticoids are hormones from the adrenal cortex that help maintain blood glucose levels.
- Androgens are hormones secreted by the testes, influencing male characteristics and reproductive processes.
- Estrogen represents the primary female sex hormone, central to female reproductive health.
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Test your knowledge on medical terminology with these flashcards focused on Chapter 18. Each card features key abbreviations and terms commonly used in the medical field, along with their definitions. Perfect for students preparing for exams or anyone looking to refresh their understanding of medical terms.
