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What factors can affect the infusion flow and rate of IV fluids?
What factors can affect the infusion flow and rate of IV fluids?
Changes in patient position, occlusion/infiltration of the IV device, venous trauma, movement/manipulation of the IV itself
How can you calculate the flow rate of IV fluids in mL/hr?
How can you calculate the flow rate of IV fluids in mL/hr?
Total Volume in mL / Total hours = mL / hr
What is the standard drop factor for Microdrip and Macrodrip IV sets?
What is the standard drop factor for Microdrip and Macrodrip IV sets?
Microdrip - 60 gtt/ml, Macrodrip - 10 or 15 gtt/ml
What is the calculation for determining drip rate in drops/minute for IV fluids?
What is the calculation for determining drip rate in drops/minute for IV fluids?
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What are common indications for IV therapy?
What are common indications for IV therapy?
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What must be done to regulate the gravity flow of IV fluids?
What must be done to regulate the gravity flow of IV fluids?
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Pediatric IV containers should not exceed 150mL for children under 2 years old.
Pediatric IV containers should not exceed 150mL for children under 2 years old.
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What is the purpose of hypotonic solutions?
What is the purpose of hypotonic solutions?
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Is a Y-tubing used for the administration of blood products?
Is a Y-tubing used for the administration of blood products?
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What is the purpose of a Roller Clamp in IV tubing?
What is the purpose of a Roller Clamp in IV tubing?
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Match the IV therapy complication with its Description:
Match the IV therapy complication with its Description:
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Study Notes
Here are the study notes for the text:
Common Indications for IV Therapy
- Maintain or restore fluid balance when oral intake is inadequate or impossible
- Maintain or replace electrolytes
- Administer nutrients (water-soluble vitamins)
- Administer medications with a rapid effect (CVAD/peripheral/SC)
- Replace blood and/or blood products
Types of IV Solutions
- Crystalloid:
- Water and dissolved crystals (e.g., salt, glucose, dextrose)
- Colloid:
- Water and molecules of suspended substances (e.g., blood cells, albumin)
Types of Crystalloid Solutions
- Isotonic Solutions (e.g., D5W, LR):
- Fluid has the same concentration of solute as plasma (ECF)
- Purpose: maintains fluid balance when NPO, expands ECF volume
- Hypotonic Solutions (e.g., 0.45% NaCl, 0.33% NaCl):
- Fluid has less solute than plasma (ECF)
- Purpose: rehydrates clients in fluid volume deficit, causes fluid shift into cells
- Hypertonic Solutions (e.g., D10W, D50W, 3-5% NS, 3-5% NaCl):
- Fluid has more solutes than plasma (ECF)
- Purpose: treats hypovolemia and hyponatremia, draws water from cells into plasma
IV Solutions
- Isotonic:
- 5% Dextrose in Water
- 0.9% Normal Saline
- Hypotonic:
- 0.45% Normal Saline
- 0.33% Normal Saline
- Hypertonic:
- Dextrose 50% in water
Other IV Solutions
- Blood products:
- Packed red blood cells
- Fresh frozen plasma
- Albumin, IVIG, etc.
- Medications:
- All diluted differently
Types of IV Tubing
- Primary:
- Used for administering large volumes of IV solution over a longer period
- Secondary:
- Shorter tubing, used for administering small amounts of solution (usually medicated) through a port in the primary tubing
- Y-tubing:
- Used for administering blood products, with a filter that removes clotting/cellular debris
- Vented:
- Used for medications/solutions packaged in glass bottles (e.g., nitroglycerin)
- Filtered:
- Contains a filter on the tubing to help filter crystallizing medications (e.g., dilantin)
Basic Components of IV Tubing
- Spike:
- Site of insertion into the product, must remain sterile
- Drip Chamber:
- Holds a small amount of fluid, where you can count the gtts rate
- Length of Plastic Tubing:
- Connects the solution to the catheter
- Ports:
- Access site to instill IV medications/additional solutions
- Roller Clamp:
- Regulates the flow/rate of infusion
Methods of Infusion
- Continuous:
- Regulate flow of solution over long periods
- Intermittent:
- Solution (medication) given over a short period, through a secondary line
- Direct:
- IV push, delivers a single dose of medication directly into the vein
- Hypodermoclysis:
- Allows IV solutions to infuse into subcutaneous tissue, used to treat dehydration at home
Routes of IV Therapy
- Peripheral:
- Venipuncture site in superficial veins, most common sites are forearm and back of hand
- Central:
- Access to larger veins, used for long-term IV therapy or when peripheral IV is not attainable
- Types: Midline Catheter, Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC), Hickman/Broviac/Groshung, Implantable venous port (Port-a-Cath)
Risks and Complications
- Infection:
- At IV insertion site or systemically
- Signs and symptoms: redness, tenderness, swelling, purulent drainage, malaise, fever, hypotension, tachycardia
- Infiltration:
- IV needle/catheter slips out of vein or not inserted into vein, causing fluid buildup in extravascular tissue
- Signs and symptoms: swelling, pain, redness, decreased infusion rate, coolness at site
- Phlebitis:
- Inflammation of vein from prolonged use of vein or irritating solution
- Signs and symptoms: redness, heat, swelling, pain along vein
- Thrombophlebitis:
- Inflammation of vein with blood clot formation
- Signs and symptoms: pain, tenderness, redness, swelling, heat along vein path
- Extravasation:
- Administration of irritant solutions into surrounding tissue
- Signs and symptoms: pain, burning, redness, blistering, inflammation, necrosis
- Hematoma:
- Blood leakage into tissue around insertion site
- Signs and symptoms: ecchymosis, swelling, bleeding
- Occlusions:
- Caused by clot due to inadequate flushing protocol or infusion rates too slow to keep vein open
- Signs and symptoms: sluggish flow rate, inability to flush or infuse IV solution or meds
Note: Please review the original text for more details and examples, and use the headings and subheadings to guide your studying.
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Description
Test your knowledge of intravenous therapy, including indications, administration, and purposes. Learn about maintaining fluid balance, administering medications, and replacing blood products.
