Mechatronics Engineering Lecture 10

Study Notes

Instruction Register (IR): Stores an instruction after fetching it from memory. CPU stores the instruction into the IR. Decoding and execution of the operation follows.
Program Counter (PC): A special register keeping track of the memory address of the next instruction to be executed in a program.
Memory Unit: Contains the program counter, instruction register, memory address register, and accumulator register.
Control Unit (CU): Executes the instructions stored in the IR.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Data Bus: Carries data between components.
Address Bus: Carries the memory address to be accessed.
Control Bus: Carries control signals to coordinate operations between components.

Memory Unit: Stores binary data. Data can be program instruction codes or numbers to be operated on.
Memory Size: Determined by the number of wires in the address bus.
Memory Element: A unit consisting of many storage cells. Each cell can store a 0 or a 1 bit.
Memory Locations: Cells grouped into locations; each storing one word.
Address: Unique identifier for each location used to access the stored word.

ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent storage for data programmed during manufacturing. Data cannot be written to it.
PROM (Programmable ROM): Can be programmed once, but cannot be erased.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM): Programmable and erasable, erased by UV light.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM): Programmed and erased electrically.
RAM (Random-Access Memory): Temporary storage for data currently being operated on. Data can be readily read and written.

Actuators: (e.g., solenoids, DC motors, stepper motors, servo motors, hydraulics, pneumatics.)
Mechanics and Energy Converter: (e.g., mechanical, hydraulic, thermal, electrical)
Sensors: (e.g., switches, potentiometers, photoelectric sensors, digital encoders, strain gauges, thermocouples, accelerometers, MEMS)
Input Signal Conditioning and Interfacing: (e.g., discrete circuits, amplifiers, filters, analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters)
Output Signal Conditioning and Interfacing: (e.g., amplifiers, D/A converters, PWM, power op amps)
Graphical Displays: (e.g., LEDs, digital displays, LCDs, CRTs)
Digital Control Architectures: (e.g., logic circuits, microcontrollers, PLCs, sequencing and timing, logic and arithmetic control algorithms, communication)