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Questions and Answers
What is the significance of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the immune response?
What is the significance of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the immune response?
- It helps in the activation of B cells.
- It is responsible for initiating phagocytosis.
- It promotes the production of pus.
- It serves as an important mediator in inflammation. (correct)
Which cells are primarily involved in the early and later responses of edema during inflammation?
Which cells are primarily involved in the early and later responses of edema during inflammation?
- Mast cells and eosinophils. (correct)
- T cells and B cells.
- Fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
- Neutrophils and macrophages.
What characterizes a granuloma in the context of inflammation?
What characterizes a granuloma in the context of inflammation?
- Macrophages surrounded by T cells. (correct)
- A thickening of the skin due to fibrosis.
- An accumulation of pus and dead bacteria.
- A collection of lymphocytes around a necrotic center.
When does the immune response typically conclude?
When does the immune response typically conclude?
Which of the following best describes pyogenic inflammation?
Which of the following best describes pyogenic inflammation?
What term refers to the cause of a disease?
What term refers to the cause of a disease?
Which of the following is NOT a form of necrosis?
Which of the following is NOT a form of necrosis?
What is one characteristic feature of necrosis?
What is one characteristic feature of necrosis?
Which process involves the controlled disassembly of cells?
Which process involves the controlled disassembly of cells?
What type of necrosis is described as having a viscous mass due to cell digestion?
What type of necrosis is described as having a viscous mass due to cell digestion?
Which of the following is a sign of cellular injury?
Which of the following is a sign of cellular injury?
What is necroptosis?
What is necroptosis?
Which of the following causes of necrosis involves overwhelming damage to cellular components?
Which of the following causes of necrosis involves overwhelming damage to cellular components?
What is the process that results in the destruction of self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent autoimmunity?
What is the process that results in the destruction of self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent autoimmunity?
Which of the following is NOT a major morphological feature of apoptosis?
Which of the following is NOT a major morphological feature of apoptosis?
What initiates the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway?
What initiates the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway?
What is the role of caspases in apoptosis?
What is the role of caspases in apoptosis?
During which physiological process do endometrial cells undergo breakdown?
During which physiological process do endometrial cells undergo breakdown?
Which of the following can act as an initiator caspase?
Which of the following can act as an initiator caspase?
What is the result of unresolved stress in cells?
What is the result of unresolved stress in cells?
Which cytokine is known to be involved in the initiation of apoptosis?
Which cytokine is known to be involved in the initiation of apoptosis?
What characterizes the muscle phase of infection?
What characterizes the muscle phase of infection?
Which immune response is primarily involved during the enteric phase of infection?
Which immune response is primarily involved during the enteric phase of infection?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the enteric stage?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the enteric stage?
What is the hallmark histological feature of psoriasis?
What is the hallmark histological feature of psoriasis?
Which cytokine is NOT typically overexpressed in psoriasis?
Which cytokine is NOT typically overexpressed in psoriasis?
What is a common pathogenetic factor associated with verrucae?
What is a common pathogenetic factor associated with verrucae?
What mechanism causes blisters in pemphigus?
What mechanism causes blisters in pemphigus?
Which form of pemphigus results in a suprabasal lesion?
Which form of pemphigus results in a suprabasal lesion?
Which factor is NOT associated with angiogenesis in psoriatic lesions?
Which factor is NOT associated with angiogenesis in psoriatic lesions?
Which statement about verrucae is true?
Which statement about verrucae is true?
Which subfamily of the Death Domain superfamily primarily involves the autocatalytic activation of initiator caspases?
Which subfamily of the Death Domain superfamily primarily involves the autocatalytic activation of initiator caspases?
What components are involved in the formation of the Death-Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC)?
What components are involved in the formation of the Death-Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC)?
Which of the following is a function of p53 in cellular processes?
Which of the following is a function of p53 in cellular processes?
Which apoptotic factor is activated by caspases through tBid?
Which apoptotic factor is activated by caspases through tBid?
What is the role of the Apoptosome in apoptosis?
What is the role of the Apoptosome in apoptosis?
What triggers the PIDDosome formation?
What triggers the PIDDosome formation?
Which of the following processes can lead to cell death due to ER stress?
Which of the following processes can lead to cell death due to ER stress?
Which two caspases are primarily involved in Complex II of the Death Domain superfamily?
Which two caspases are primarily involved in Complex II of the Death Domain superfamily?
What is a characteristic feature of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic factors like Bid?
What is a characteristic feature of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic factors like Bid?
What type of binding does the Death Domain superfamily utilize for protein complex assembly?
What type of binding does the Death Domain superfamily utilize for protein complex assembly?
Which statement about the intrinsic apoptotic pathway is true?
Which statement about the intrinsic apoptotic pathway is true?
Which protein is first mentioned in relation to the Bcl-2 family?
Which protein is first mentioned in relation to the Bcl-2 family?
Which component is NOT part of the signalling complexes mentioned for the Death Domain superfamily?
Which component is NOT part of the signalling complexes mentioned for the Death Domain superfamily?
What is one consequence of a failed stress response in cells?
What is one consequence of a failed stress response in cells?
What does the Unfolded Protein Response aim to achieve under ER stress conditions?
What does the Unfolded Protein Response aim to achieve under ER stress conditions?
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Study Notes
Pathology Terminology
- Etiology: Refers to the cause of a disease.
- Pathogenesis: Involves biochemical and molecular mechanisms in disease development.
- Morphology: Describes the structural appearance of cells, tissues, and organs.
- Clinical features: Functional consequences of morphological changes observed in diseases.
Cell Death
- Causes include lack of resources (hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, withdrawal of growth factors), toxin exposure, aging cell removal, and immune system attacks (infection, autoimmunity).
Signs of Cellular Injury
- Intracellular accumulations may include fatty deposits, lipofuscin, and proteins that can indicate cell damage.
Modes of Cell Death
- Necrosis: Unregulated, pathological cell death that results in cell rupture and inflammation.
- Apoptosis: Regulated, physiological cell death involving controlled disassembly and phagocytosis of cell components.
- Alternatives: Include necroptosis, anoikis, and ferroptosis.
Necrosis Types
- Coagulative: Loss of cell architecture without tissue architecture change.
- Liquefactive: Digestion of cells leading to a viscous mass.
- Caseous: Fragmented cells with inflammatory responses.
- Fibrinoid: Accumulation of immune complexes and fibrin in blood vessel walls.
Causes of Necrosis
- Resulting from overwhelming damage due to toxins, excessive calcium, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum damage, reactive oxygen species, ischemia, membrane damage, or nutrient withdrawal.
Apoptosis
- Involved in physiological events like embryogenesis and removal of unnecessary cells during tissue regeneration.
- Hormonal fluctuations cause specific cells (e.g., endometrial cells, ovarian cells) to undergo apoptosis.
- Deletion of auto-reactive lymphocytes prevents autoimmunity.
Apoptotic Initiators
- Triggered by factors like viral infections, ionizing radiation, chemical damages, cytokines, mitochondrial damage, and unresolved cellular stress.
Morphological Features of Apoptosis
- Characterized by cell rounding, nuclear fragmentation, membrane blebbing, and formation of apoptotic bodies.
Apoptotic Signaling Paths
- Extrinsic: Involves activation of death receptors on the cell membrane leading to caspase activation.
- Intrinsic: Initiated by mitochondrial signals that release pro-apoptotic proteins activating caspases.
Caspases
- Specific proteases essential for the disassembly of cells during apoptosis.
- Two classes: initiator caspases (2, 8, 9, 10) and executioner caspases (3, 6, 7).
Death Domain Superfamily
- Comprises various subfamilies (DD, DED, CARD, PYD) that help in forming protein complexes for signaling pathways involved in apoptosis.
p53 and Cellular Response to Stress
- Acts as a crucial factor in DNA repair and apoptosis regulation.
- Addresses DNA damage and balances cell cycle progression and apoptosis promoting genes.
Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)
- A mechanism that deals with endoplasmic reticulum stress due to misfolded proteins, which can lead to cell death if unresolved.
Skin and Infectious Diseases
- Immune response characterized by inflammation and clinical manifestations like redness, swelling, and pus.
- Common conditions include meningitis, parasitic infections, and skin disorders such as psoriasis and pemphigus.
Psoriasis
- An inflammatory skin disease displaying thickened epidermis, elongated rete ridges, and neutrophil infiltration.
- Linked to overexpression of cytokines like TNF and genetic factors related to HLA-C.
Verrucae (Warts)
- Benign epidermal growths caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV).
- Characterized by squamoproliferative lesions and potential progression to malignancy.
Pemphigus
- An autoimmune disorder causing blister formation due to autoantibodies attacking intercellular junctions in the epidermis.
- This condition can be classified into types based on the level of separation in the skin layers (e.g., foliaceus, vulgaris).
Cellular Mechanisms and Pathways
- Highlight various mechanisms leading to cell death, emphasizing apoptosis pathways, signaling complexities, and immune responses in different disease contexts.
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