294 Questions
What was the first antibiotic discovered to be effective against which bacteria?
Gram-positive bacteria, especially staphylococci and streptococci
What is the primary consequence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens?
Increased difficulty in treating infections
What is the result of the development of thousands of variants and analogues of antibiotics?
Varying effects on different infectious organisms and less toxicity to humans
Which bacterium's resistance to penicillin in the 1980s exemplifies the detrimental effects of antibiotic resistance?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the outcome of the evolution of bacteria causing common infections to be resistant to most or all available antibiotics?
Infections become harder to treat and increase the likelihood of spreading to others
What is the primary concern related to antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotics becoming ineffective treatments
What is the primary mechanism of gene transfer in conjugation?
Using a pilus to transfer a plasmid
What is the current treatment failure rate in patients with pneumococcal meningitis in the US due to antibiotic resistance?
38%
What is the name of the enzyme produced by some bacteria that breaks down the -lactam ring of antibacterial drugs?
Penicillinase
What is the term for the exchange of genetic material between bacteria through mobile DNA packages?
Horizontal gene transfer
What is the main consequence of antibiotic resistance on health insurance companies and governments that subsidize healthcare costs?
Increased medical costs
What is the primary mechanism of antibiotic resistance in efflux pump systems?
Expelling antibiotics from the cell
What is the definition of antibiotic resistance?
When bacteria change in a way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of antibiotics
What is the term for the process of bacterial cells becoming competent to receive DNA?
Artificial competence
What is the name of the first antibiotic discovered in 1928?
Penicillin
What is the role of two-component regulatory systems in efflux pump systems?
To control the expression of efflux pump genes
What is the percentage of hospital admissions due to adverse effects of antibiotic therapy?
10%
What is the main reason for the increased cost of newer antibiotics?
They are available in intravenous form only
What is the result of the overexpression of efflux pumps in bacteria?
Multidrug resistance
What is the current focus of research in efflux pump systems?
Developing efflux pump inhibitors to increase antibiotic effectiveness
What is the result of the unrestricted use of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the human body?
It alters the microbial ecology of the human body
What is the characteristic of many efflux pumps that leads to multidrug resistance?
Broad substrate specificity
What is the name of the process where a microorganism acquires genes from another without being the offspring of that microorganism?
Horizontal gene transfer
What is the term for the incorporation of naked DNA into a bacterial cell's chromosome?
Transformation
What is the mechanism of gene transfer that involves transferring genes from one bacterium to another as 'naked' DNA?
Transformation
What is the result of antibiotic resistance on the natural history of diseases?
It has changed the natural history of diseases
What is the primary consequence of enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics?
Reduced effectiveness of antibiotics
Which type of antibiotic resistance is highly effective and has led to bacterial resistance to certain antibiotic groups?
Enzymatic inactivation
What is the function of the enzyme produced by MRSA super bacteria that splits the complex before acetylating the antibiotic?
Transpeptidase
What is the primary mechanism of action of macrolide antibiotics like erythromycin and clarithromycin?
Inhibiting protein synthesis
What is the primary function of beta-lactamase enzymes produced by bacteria?
Breaking the beta-lactam ring of antibiotics
What is the consequence of target modification in high-level Tcr Mpr bacteria?
A 100-fold decrease in antibiotic potency
What is the primary function of erythromycin esterase (EreA) in macrolide resistance?
Catalyzing the hydrolytic cleavage of the lactone ring
What is the primary mechanism of antibiotic resistance resulting from the presence of Erm genes and their encoded enzymes?
Ribosome methylation
What is the primary consequence of the production of beta-lactamase enzymes by bacteria?
Inactivation of antibiotics before they reach their target
What is the primary mechanism of antibiotic resistance resulting from the modification of target enzymes?
Weak positive selection process
What is the mechanism by which Kmr bacteria are resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics?
By acquiring a phosphotransferase enzyme that inactivates them
What is the effect of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase enzyme on the antibiotic chloramphenicol?
It decreases the binding affinity of chloramphenicol to its target
What is the mechanism of action of the erythromycin resistant methylase enzyme?
It methylates the target site of erythromycin, making it inaccessible
What is the effect of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes on the binding of aminoglycosides to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome?
It decreases the binding affinity of aminoglycosides to the 30S subunit
What is the mechanism of high-level resistance to vancomycin in Enterococcus faecium?
Substitution of cell wall precursors with those that have no affinity for vancomycin
What is the role of biofilm formation in the development of antibiotic resistance?
It reduces the efficacy of antibiotics by encasing the bacteria in an extracellular polymeric matrix
What is the effect of phenotypic changes in biofilm bacteria on the efficacy of antibiotics?
It decreases the efficacy of antibiotics by making the bacteria less susceptible
What is the mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance in P.aeruginosa biofilms?
Inhibition of aminoglycoside uptake by high-affinity mechanisms
What is the effect of the acquisition of resistance genes by biofilm bacteria on the efficacy of antibiotics?
It decreases the efficacy of antibiotics by making the bacteria less susceptible
What is the mechanism of target modification in the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics?
Reversible target site modifications that decrease the binding affinity of an antibiotic to its target
Why are antibiotics sometimes ineffective against biofilm infections?
As a result of physicochemical interactions between the drug and the biofilm matrix
What contributes to the high antibiotic resistance in biofilms?
Expression of specific genes different from planktonic cells
How does the extracellular matrix of biofilms impact antibiotic effectiveness?
It absorbs the antibiotics preventing them from reaching their target cells
Why are biofilm infections challenging to treat with antibiotics?
They secrete substances that act as barriers to antimicrobial agents
What effect does nutrient limitation in biofilm cells have on antibiotic tolerance?
Increases antibiotic tolerance
In the context of antibiotic resistance, why are medical devices frequent targets for colonization and infection?
Medical devices provide surfaces for biofilm attraction
What role does the proximity of resistance play in the persistence of biofilm infections?
It increases the cost and reduces risks of recurrent infection
How do biofilms differ from planktonic cells in terms of antibiotic resistance?
Planktonic cells express different genes
Why does antibiotics resistance in biofilms lead to ineffective treatments?
Imbalance between slow-releasing antibiotics and rapid bacterial proliferation
Why are high antibiotic dose strategies generally less preferred in treating biofilm infections?
Higher risk of side effects and drug toxicity
What is a key characteristic of efflux pumps in bacteria?
They transport substrates across a lipid membrane actively.
Which bacterial efflux pump system is known for moving tetracycline out of bacterial cells?
RND system
What is the main role of the MtrCDE system in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Promoting virulence and colonization in the human body
Which statement correctly describes the mechanism of efflux pumps in bacteria?
They can be found exclusively in Gram-positive bacteria.
What role does the MtrR protein play in controlling the MtrCDE operon?
Binds antibacterial compounds to repress MtrCDE operon expression
Which component is responsible for energizing the efflux pump process in bacteria?
Cytoplamic membrane protein
Which bacterial organism has a well-known efflux pump system for moving tetracycline out of its cells?
Escherichia coli
What is the role of the adaptor protein in efflux pump systems?
Linking the efflux pump to the periplasmic protein
Which mechanism enables efflux pumps in bacteria to transport substrates across the cell envelope?
Proton motive force
How do efflux pumps support bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents?
By maintaining a more toxic intracellular environment
What is the primary function of an antiporter in an efflux pump system?
To exchange antibiotics with less harmful substances
How do bacteria recognize and transport antibiotics through the efflux mechanism?
Through a specific or non-specific substrate recognition
What is the primary characteristic of the five classes of efflux systems in bacteria?
They use different energy sources and transporters
What is the purpose of the energy-dependent mechanism of efflux in bacteria?
To remove antibiotics from the cell
What is the most common type of antibiotic efflux system in bacteria?
MF superfamily
How do efflux pumps in bacteria transport antibiotics across the membrane?
Through an active transport process using ATP
What is the primary reason for physicians prescribing antibiotics for viral infections?
To satisfy patient expectations
What is the estimated percentage of hospital prescriptions that are not optimally effective?
50%
In which country did a study find that 57% of the population had self-medicated with antibiotics?
Macedonia
What is the primary reason for the agricultural use of antibiotics?
To promote growth and prevent disease
What is the consequence of delaying antibiotic prescription for conditions where they may be necessary?
Increased morbidity and mortality
What is the result of the misuse and overuse of antibiotics in households?
Increased antibiotic resistance
What is the characteristic of antibiotic prescriptions in developing countries?
Non-essential and incorrect doses
What is the effect of education campaigns on antibiotic use?
Reduced antibiotic use
What is the consequence of self-medication with antibiotics?
Increased selection pressure for resistant strains
What is the primary concern related to antibiotic use in animal agriculture?
Poor animal husbandry practices
What is the consequence of antibiotic inactivation by enzymes such as beta lactamases?
Rendering the antibiotic useless
What is a contributing factor to antibiotic resistance?
Misuse of antibiotics, particularly in unsupervised medication
What is the result of the selection of resistant strains of bacteria due to antibiotic use?
Patients will suffer life-threatening complications
What is the concern regarding antibiotic use in animal husbandry?
Antibiotic-resistant strains developed in animals can be transferred to humans
What is the consequence of antibiotic-induced gene mutations?
Inherited mutations in the bacteria's genes
What is the result of the widespread use of antibiotics?
The development of 'superbugs' resistant to most antibiotics
What is the primary mechanism of action of the AcrAB-TolC efflux system in Escherichia coli?
Recognizing and expelling various substrates
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT associated with the QacA multidrug efflux pump in Staphylococcus?
Inactivation of antibiotics by enzymes
What is the consequence of the misuse of antibiotics in human medicine and animal husbandry?
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria will pose significant problems to medical health and the economy
What is the primary factor contributing to antibiotic resistance?
All of the above
What is the primary function of the ribosomal protection mechanism in Bacillus?
Transfer of an ATP-binding ribosomal protein and phosphorylation of a hydrolytic enzyme
What is the consequence of the overuse of antibiotics?
The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Which of the following antibiotics is NOT affected by the production of beta-lactamase enzymes?
Erythromycin
What is the primary mechanism of action of the SatAB efflux system in E. faecium?
Recognizing and expelling various substrates
What is the result of the use of antibiotics in preventing diseases in animals?
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria will develop and pose a risk to human health
Which of the following is a consequence of antibiotic modification in bacteria?
Altered target site of the antibiotic
What is the primary mechanism of action of the carbapenemase enzymes produced by certain Enterobacteriaceae?
Hydrolyzing carbapenems to inactive metabolites
Which of the following is an example of an antibiotic modification mechanism?
Acetylation of tetracycline
What is the primary mechanism of action of the erythromycin esterase enzyme in bacteria?
Splitting the antibiotic into inactive products
Which of the following is a consequence of changes in porin proteins in bacteria?
Channels too small for antibiotic molecules to enter
What is the primary factor contributing to antibiotic resistance due to the misuse of antibiotics?
Insufficient knowledge on proper antibiotic use
What is the consequence of antibiotic resistance on the health system?
Reduced support for good health policy making
What is the main reason for limited access to adequate healthcare among certain groups?
Poverty and limited access to resources
What is the percentage of respondents who believe the best treatment for a cold is antibiotics?
25%
What is the consequence of patients' unrealistic expectations of antibiotics?
Reduced willingness to pay for antibiotic research
What is the primary factor contributing to the lack of understanding of antibiotic resistance among health workers and policymakers?
Complexity of antibiotic resistance
What is the role of the public in overseeing and improving the health system and policies related to antibiotic use?
To play a role in improving the health system and policies
What is the consequence of antibiotic resistance on the health system and policy making?
Reduced support for good health policy making
What is the primary factor contributing to the misuse of antibiotics?
Insufficient knowledge on proper antibiotic use
What is the consequence of reduced antibiotic use in the health system?
Reduced antibiotic resistance
What is the primary consequence of antibiotic resistance in developing countries?
Higher disease and mortality rates
What is the concern regarding the spread of resistant strains from developing countries to developed countries?
High morbidity and mortality rates
What is the result of comparing antibiotic resistance in different regions?
A global view of antibiotic resistance
What is the risk of importing resistant strains of bacteria through international travel?
High risk of transmission
What is the concern regarding the spread of infectious diseases through global travel and migration?
Increased disease transmission
What is the primary factor contributing to the high rates of antibiotic resistance in developing countries?
Inadequate infection prevention and control
What is the consequence of the transmission of resistant strains from developing countries to developed countries?
High morbidity and mortality rates
What is the risk of refugees and immigrants returning to their countries of origin carrying resistant strains of bacteria?
High risk of transmission
What is the main consequence of poor hand hygiene in healthcare settings?
Higher rates of infection transmission
What is the concern regarding the importation of infectious diseases through international travel?
Increased disease transmission
What is the primary purpose of sterilization in medical and surgical procedures?
To eliminate or destroy all forms of microbial life
What is the consequence of the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria across borders?
High morbidity and mortality rates
What is the term for the process of eliminating or destroying pathogenic organisms using chemicals on inanimate objects and surfaces?
Disinfection
What is the primary reason for low adherence to hand hygiene practices in healthcare settings?
Skin irritation and dryness
What is the concern regarding the rise in international travel and commerce?
Increased disease transmission
What is the result of poor sanitation and hygiene practices in healthcare settings?
Higher rates of infection transmission
What is the primary factor contributing to the spread of infectious diseases across international borders?
Inadequate infection prevention and control
What is the primary reason for the high rates of resistant tuberculosis in developing countries?
Inadequate infection prevention and control
What is the primary benefit of the World Health Organization's 'five moments for hand hygiene' framework?
Improving hand hygiene compliance
What is the primary consequence of failure to prevent and control infections in healthcare settings?
Higher rates of infection transmission
What is the primary reason large pharmaceutical companies are not developing new antibiotics?
The market does not value a novel antibiotic at a price that can offset its development costs
What is the estimated cost of developing new antibiotics?
$90 million
What is a consequence of labeling restrictions on new antibiotics?
Decreased treatable population and potential revenue
Why do large pharmaceutical firms find it difficult to compete with generic antibiotics?
New antibiotics are not superior in terms of price and efficacy
What is the impact of stringent regulatory requirements on antibiotic development?
Increased development cost
What is the consequence of the decline in pharmaceutical investment in antibiotic development?
A future shortfall of new antibiotics
What is the primary source of antibiotic resistant genes in water systems?
Environmental bacteria
What is the main mechanism of gene transfer in the environment?
All of the above
What is the significance of transformation in the context of antibiotic resistance?
It allows for the exchange of genetic information between different species
What is the primary consequence of the presence of antibiotic resistant genes in the environment?
Increased antibiotic resistance in human pathogens
What is the role of mobile genetic elements in the transmission of antibiotic resistance?
They facilitate the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes
What is the primary strategy for reducing the spread of antibiotic resistance genes?
Reducing the transmission of resistant pathogens
What is the primary mechanism of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Horizontal gene transfer
What is the significance of antibiotic residues in the environment?
They can be biodegraded into metabolites with greater biological activity
What is the primary concern related to the use of older antibiotics to treat resistant infections?
They may accelerate the development of resistance
What is the primary strategy for preventing the further spread of antibiotic resistance genes?
Blocking transmission from known resistant pathogens
What is the primary mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in conjugation?
Via direct contact through a conjugation pilus
What is the result of interrupted DNA transfer during conjugation?
No resistance gene is transferred
What is the characteristic of antibiotic resistance genes in the donor cell?
They are generally detrimental to the cell
What is the mechanism of mutation and selection in bacteria?
All of the above
What is the consequence of inadequate surveillance and monitoring of antibiotic resistance?
The lack of valuable resistance pattern data
What is the result of the selection of mutated bacteria?
The mutated bacteria outcompete non-mutated bacteria
What is the characteristic of conjugative plasmids?
They can transfer themselves and non-conjugative plasmids
What is the consequence of antibiotic resistance without selective pressure?
The mutated bacterium has a significant fitness advantage
What is the primary mechanism of transduction?
Through bacteriophage
What is the result of the spread of antibiotic resistance genes?
The spread of antibiotic resistance to other bacteria
What is the estimated annual cost of antibiotic resistance in the United States?
US $4-5 billion
What is the projected number of MRSA-attributable deaths annually in the United States by 2020 if no alternatives are found?
55,000
What is the primary goal of antibiotic stewardship programs?
To reduce selective pressures that drive antibiotic resistance
What is the consequence of prolonged illness in patients with resistant infections?
Amplified transmission of resistant strains
What is the estimated additional annual cost of treating resistant infections in the European Union?
€1 billion
What is the purpose of informative-based antibiotic stewardship programs?
To increase prescribers' knowledge about current antibiotic recommendations
What is the consequence of the lack of effective therapy for resistant organisms?
Treatment failure and death
What is the projected number of P.aeruginosa-attributable deaths annually in the United States by 2020 if no alternatives are found?
35,000
What is the primary benefit of antibiotic stewardship programs?
Optimizing patient outcomes
What is the consequence of increased antibiotic consumption in patients with resistant infections?
Amplified transmission of resistant strains
What is the primary challenge in monitoring antimicrobial resistance in the community sector?
Poor coordination and enforcement of data collection
What is the main reason for the lack of understanding of resistance patterns in the general population?
Most data comes from studies of hospital patients or high-risk groups
What is the primary consequence of the link between antibiotic exposure and resistance in common pathogens?
Emergence of resistant strains in the clinical setting
What is the primary consequence of antibiotic resistance on patient outcomes?
Increased morbidity and mortality
What is the primary limitation in monitoring the impact of antibiotic use on resistance?
Limited availability of antibiotic use data in humans and animals
What is the primary challenge in establishing a clear global picture of antibiotic resistance?
Large disparities in surveillance data availability and quality between regions
What is the estimated cost of treating antibiotic-resistant infections in the United States?
$3.1 billion annually
What is the primary reason for increased healthcare costs due to antibiotic resistance?
Prolonged hospital stays and alternative medications
What is the main reason for the limited knowledge about the volume and pattern of antibiotic use in humans and animals?
Limited availability of antibiotic use data in humans and animals
What is the consequence of antibiotic resistance on the healthcare system?
Increased hospital days and complicated surgical procedures
What is the primary focus of monitoring resistance at local, national, and international levels?
Establishing a clear global picture of antibiotic resistance
What is the primary reason for the lack of data on resistance rates in the community sector?
Inadequate surveillance systems in the community sector
What is the primary factor contributing to antibiotic resistance in certain populations?
Lower socio-economic status
What is the primary consequence of the switch to outpatient treatment of common childhood ear infections with amoxicillin?
Reduced antibiotic selection of penicillin-resistant strains
What is the consequence of antibiotic resistance on disease transmission?
Increased risk of disease transmission
What is the primary consequence of treatment failures due to antibiotic resistance?
Increased morbidity and mortality
What is the primary challenge in confirming the link between antibiotic exposure and resistance?
Antibiotic-resistant strains are often less virulent than their susceptible counterparts
What is the estimated number of additional deaths due to antibiotic resistance at an average level of resistance?
100,000
What is the primary consequence of antibiotic resistance on the economy?
Increased healthcare costs and lost productivity
What is the primary consequence of antibiotic resistance on public health?
Increased risk of disease outbreaks and epidemics
What is a key hindrance to the economic viability of producing new antibiotics?
Potential resistance leading to drug ineffectiveness
What is a common misconception associated with resistance genes in the environment?
They exhibit the same behavior as pollutants
Why do many pharmaceutical companies opt for more lucrative therapeutic agents over antibiotic research?
Higher chance of regulatory approval for non-antibiotic drugs
What contributes significantly to the complexity of developing new antibiotics according to the text?
Similarities in costs and risks with anti-cancer drugs
What role does the widespread use of antibiotics play in selecting for antimicrobial resistance?
Accelerating the evolution of harmless organisms into pathogens
What is a factor contributing to regulatory complexity in the development of new antibiotics in comparison to other pharmaceuticals?
High cost of conducting clinical trials for new antibiotics
What is a distinguishing feature of antibiotics compared to other pharmaceuticals in terms of economic return?
Antibiotics have higher cost-effectiveness requirements
What is expected to happen with resistance genetic elements in the case of strong antibiotic selection over time?
They will concentrate and fixate in specific bacterial species and strains
Why do many companies find antibiotic research less economically viable compared to other therapeutic agents?
Fear of newer antibiotics facing resistance
What possible environmental consequence is highlighted in the text due to antibiotics discharged into water systems?
Creation of reservoirs for resistance genes and new pathogens
What is the primary reason antibiotics are an attractive investment for pharmaceutical companies?
Cost-effective translation from academic research
How do surveillance cultures help in hospitals?
Detect antibiotic-resistant strains
What is a significant drawback of using surveillance cultures for detecting resistant strains in hospitals?
Time-consuming process
What method has an Australian research group developed to detect bacteria in hospitals?
Machine that 'sniffs' the air
How is a probiotic being tested against VRE to eradicate resistant organisms?
By preventing bacterial colonization
What have several research groups developed tests for to combat antibiotic-resistant strains?
Identifying colonization of patients
What role does genetic mutation play in the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Increases chances of resistance
Why is the development of new antibiotics crucial according to the text?
To lessen the impact of resistance
What is the primary drawback to the existing culture tests for detecting MRSA, as mentioned in the text?
Time taken
What commonly faced challenge contributes to the diminishing importance of new antibiotics in the pharmaceutical pipeline?
Perceived poor financial returns
What is the main factor contributing to the overprescription of newer generation broad-spectrum antibiotics?
Patient expectations and the belief that more expensive and newer generation drugs are better than older ones
What is the estimated percentage of antibiotics prescribed that are unnecessary or inappropriate?
50%
What is the primary concern related to antibiotic use in animal agriculture?
The use of antibiotics in animals for food has become a concern in recent years
What is the main consequence of poor infection prevention and control practices in hospitals?
The number of people dying each year due to healthcare-associated infections is greater than the number of people dying from AIDS, breast cancer, or cystic fibrosis
What is the percentage of patients receiving antibiotics in the United States who receive a broad-spectrum antibiotic?
58%
What is the main reason for the overuse of antibiotics in hospitals?
The fear of legal repercussions and administrative inconvenience in hospitals
What is the primary consequence of antibiotic resistance in hospitals?
The increased antibiotic resistance and potential harm to patients
What is the main factor contributing to the high rates of antibiotic resistance in hospitals?
The overuse and misuse of antibiotics
What is the primary consequence of antibiotic resistance in agriculture?
The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals
What is the main consequence of poor infection prevention and control practices in the community?
The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the community
What is the primary consequence of using sub-therapeutic dosages of antibiotics in animals?
Environmental effects and release of antibiotics into soil and water
What is the main reason why antibiotic resistance is a significant issue in animal husbandry?
Increased infection morbidity and mortality in humans
How can resistant bacteria be spread between humans?
Through touching an infected person's wound and then touching an object
What is the primary concern regarding antibiotic resistance in medicine?
Development of resistant bacterial strains that can survive treatment
What is the estimated impact of antibiotic resistance on society?
Increased infectious disease burdens in developing countries
What is the primary mechanism of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Horizontal gene transfer
What is the consequence of inadequate infection control measures in hospitals?
Increased spread of infections in hospitals
What is the primary factor contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes?
Animal husbandry and agriculture
What is the consequence of prolonged delay in developing new replacement treatments and vaccines?
Increased costs of healthcare due to antibiotic resistance
What is the primary source of antibiotic resistance in humans?
Animal husbandry and agriculture
What is the primary characteristic of XDR-TB that makes it a more severe form of TB?
Resistance to all first-line TB drugs and some second-line drugs
What is the consequence of antibiotic resistance on the treatment of infections?
Prolonged illness and hospitalization
What is the estimated cost of treating XDR-TB patients in developing countries?
Up to $200,000
What is the primary reason for the increased use of broad-spectrum antibiotics?
Pressure from patients to use antibiotics
What is the consequence of the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
Decreased treatment options
What is the estimated annual spending on infections due to antibiotic resistance?
$6.3 billion
What is the primary consequence of the rise in antibiotic use due to bacterial infections?
Increased antibiotic resistance
What is the percentage of outpatient prescriptions that are unnecessary due to antibiotic resistance?
40%
What is the consequence of antibiotic resistance on the care of the elderly and infirm?
More frequent use of costly broad-spectrum antibiotics and hospital admission
What is the primary consequence of treatment failures due to antibiotic resistance?
Prolonged illness and hospitalization
What is one of the severe consequences of antibiotic resistance mentioned in the text?
Death caused by resistant infections
How does antibiotic resistance impact worker productivity?
Reduces worker productivity due to increased illnesses
What is the primary consequence of antibiotic resistance on the health and economy?
Negation of healthcare gains and increased poverty
What is a prediction regarding future antibiotic use and clinical outcomes?
Clinical failure of antibiotics will occur more frequently
What is the impact of antibiotic resistance on the treatment of minor infections?
They can be life-threatening
Why are pharmaceutical companies less inclined to invest in new antibiotics?
They are less profitable and have a limited shelf life
Why can some people in less developed countries face challenges in accessing treatments?
The expensive and toxic treatments are beyond their reach
What is expected to happen if antibiotic resistance continues unchecked?
Reemergence of infectious diseases that were once nearly eradicated
What is the consequence of resistant infections on productivity in developing countries?
It reduces productivity and perpetuates poverty
What is one of the outcomes of outbreaks caused by resistant strains in major cities?
Increased infection rates among socially disadvantaged groups
What is the result of the widespread loss of effective antibiotics?
It negates the gains made in healthcare and economic development
What is the impact of resistant infections on the healthcare system?
It increases healthcare costs and reduces patient satisfaction
Why can overuse and misuse of antibiotics lead to resistant strains?
It accelerates the natural evolutionary process of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
What evolutionary response do bacteria have to antibiotics in order to survive?
They develop ways to resist the drug's effects.
What is the consequence of antibiotics losing their ability to control bacterial growth?
Resistance strains of bacteria multiply in the presence of therapeutic levels.
How do bacteria resist antibiotics in terms of drug inactivation?
By chemically modifying antibiotics to neutralize their effect.
What is the major implication for modern medicine due to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Lower effectiveness of medical procedures
Which group of individuals is more susceptible to incurable infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains?
Elderly, cancer patients, and transplant patients
How does bacterial resistance to antibiotics impact medical complications?
It increases medical complications.
What is the primary concern regarding the cost of treating infections caused by resistant bacteria?
The cost is often 10-15 times higher than treating non-resistant infections.
How is the cost of treating resistant infections different from non-resistant infections?
It can be much higher, often 10-15 times more.
What is the natural response of bacteria exposed to antibiotics to create a hostile environment?
To adapt and find ways to resist the drug's effects
How does the direct selection pressure on bacteria in man-made situations influence antibiotic resistance?
It maintains antibiotic resistance by allowing bacteria with resistance genes to survive.
What is one way antibiotic resistance is transmitted through the environment?
Through the spread of already resistant organisms like MRSA.
What contributes to the increased morbidity and mortality rates associated with antibiotic resistance?
Difficulty in controlling infectious diseases and re-emergence of under-controlled diseases.
In what way do resistant strains impact the time it takes to control diseases?
They prolong illness periods and increase the time taken to control diseases.
What makes long-term diseases harder to control, according to the text?
The spread of untreatable resistant strains.
How are tens of millions of lives at risk in developing countries due to antibiotic-resistant strains?
Because antibiotics in developing countries are often too expensive.
What impact does antibiotic resistance have on hospital infections in the USA according to the text?
Resistant bacteria contribute to about 60% of hospital infections.
What is the cure rate for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in some parts of the world?
Below 50%.
What is the implication of the rise in antibiotic resistance on global health security?
Potential reversal of medical advances and increased health costs
What is the current challenge in treating infectious diseases?
Three new antibiotic classes have been discovered in the last 30 years
What is the economic impact of antibiotic resistance on international trade?
It reduces foreign direct investment and tourism
What is the estimated annual cost of successful control of infectious diseases in developing countries?
$33 billion
What is the purpose of stewardship programs in combating antibiotic resistance?
To ensure the right drug is prescribed at the right dose and duration for specific diagnoses
What is the impact of antibiotic resistance on medical achievements?
It puts medical achievements like organ transplantation and cancer therapy at risk
What is the consequence of not addressing antibiotic resistance urgently?
Patients may die from simple and curable infections
What is the primary goal of implementing antibiotic stewardship programmes in various healthcare settings?
To reduce the spread of resistant strains and ensure appropriate treatment
What is the significance of prior approval for certain antibiotics in antibiotic stewardship programmes?
It requires specialist consultation to prevent overuse
What is the threat of antibiotic resistance to global health?
It poses a significant threat to global health
What is the impact of antibiotic resistance on health inequity?
It increases health inequity, particularly for the economically disadvantaged
What is the benefit of switching patients from intravenous to oral drugs once they are clinically improving?
It reduces the spread of resistant strains
What is the challenge in developing new antibiotics?
The cost and testing required are extensive
What is the consequence of antibiotic resistance on the healthcare system?
It leads to longer illness duration and higher morbidity
What is the role of biotechnology in the development of new antibiotics?
It enables the design of new antimicrobial compounds and improves the effectiveness of existing ones
What is the consequence of supply chain breakdowns and global/regional outsourcing of drug manufacturing?
It leads to drug shortages
What is the significance of mass immunization in reducing antibiotic use?
It leads to a decline in antibiotic use
What is the primary goal of the World Health Organisation and the Infectious Diseases Society of America in preventing antibiotic resistance?
To reduce the spread of resistant strains and prevent antibiotic resistance
What is the result of antibiotic use in providing more frequent and longer exposure to selective pressure of antibiotics?
It allows resistant organisms to thrive
What is the primary goal of strengthening infection prevention and control measures?
To prevent and control infections
What are the potential implications of high treatment costs due to resistant infections mentioned in the text?
Compromising the standard of care for patients
Why is it crucial to develop new antimicrobial agents, as stated in the text?
To quantify the burden of diseases associated with resistant infections
How can resistant pathogens be transmitted, according to the text?
Through healthcare workers, equipment, and the environment
What is one of the public health issues directly impacted by antibiotic resistance, according to the text?
Assessment and treatment of various infections
Why is collecting high-quality data associated with quantifying the burden of diseases essential, as mentioned in the text?
To guide policy decisions about resource allocation
What are the potential consequences of antibiotic resistance on the economic burden of treatment, according to the text?
Limited potential cost-effectiveness of antibiotics
Learn about the mechanisms of antibiotics resistance and how bacteria develop resistance against antibiotics. Understand the importance of antibiotics and their role in controlling harmful bacteria.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
