Tetracycline Antibiotics and Resistance Mechanisms

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What is the term for an antimicrobial agent's range of activity?

Spectrum (correct)

Bacteriostatic

Narrow

Broad

Which term describes an antimicrobial agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria but does not kill them?

Broad

Bacteriostatic (correct)

MIC

Synergism

What is the primary goal in achieving selective toxicity with antimicrobials?

Killing all microbial pathogens indiscriminately

Acting at target sites present in host cells

Exploiting differences in structure and metabolism of microbes and host cells (correct)

Targeting the same sites in both microbes and host cells

What is the term for a combination of two antibiotics that has enhanced bactericidal activity when tested together?

Synergism Signup and view all the answers

Why are eukaryotic pathogen sites more difficult to target compared to prokaryotic pathogen sites?

Eukaryotic cells have similar structures to host cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common method of resistance to tetracyclines?

Efflux out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is known for causing teeth staining in children and interfering with bone development in fetuses?

Tetracyclines Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mode of action for macrolides?

Blocking peptide bond synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is a treatment option for osteomyelitis and is active against Gram-positives and anaerobic Gram-negatives?

Clindamycin Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of pseudomembrane colitis that follows treatment with clindamycin?

Killing of good bacteria by clindamycin Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common first line of drugs used for Mycobacterial infections?

Rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol Signup and view all the answers

Which bactericidal drug has an affinity for plastics and is good for treatment of infections involving prostheses?

Rifampicin Signup and view all the answers

Which drug used in Mycobacterial infections can cause optic neuritis and requires measurement of visual acuity during therapy?

Ethambutol Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is used in gut decontamination regimens for neutropenic patients and is not absorbed in the gut?

Polymyxin E Signup and view all the answers

What type of test can determine if antibacterial combination therapy is synergistic or antagonistic?

Killing Curve Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism confers resistance to all other beta-lactams EXCEPT ceftaroline?

Synthesis of an additional PBP – PBP2a Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibiotics are active only against aerobic Gram-negatives and resistant to anaerobes and Gram-positives?

Monobactams Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibiotics have historically been used for external otitis, eye infections, and skin infections by interacting with LPS and phospholipids in the outer membrane of bacteria?

Polypeptides Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring to yield inactive products and is released into the extracellular environment by Gram-positives?

Hydrolysis of the antibiotic by bacterial enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to resistance against aminoglycosides through the mechanism of increased expulsion of drug from the cell?

Increased expulsion of drug from the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the main target of antibacterial action?

Cell wall synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for β-lactam antibiotics?

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common mechanism of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria?

Decreased permeability of the cell wall Signup and view all the answers

What are transposons capable of generating copies that can integrate into the chromosome or plasmids known as?

Jumping genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of classifying antibacterials based on their target site?

To understand the molecular basis of their action Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibiotics binds to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?

Rifamycins Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?

Interference with bacterial chromosome replication Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is known for its potential to cause tendon rupture, especially when given in combination with corticosteroids?

Ciprofloxacin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of rifampicin?

Treatment of mycobacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is effective against anaerobic organisms and is originally introduced for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokines stimulate the production of acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein?

TNF and IL-6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical triad known as when induced by high levels of TNF and other cytokines in severe infections?

Septic shock Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for increased susceptibility to infections due to leukocyte deficiency?

Defective inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of defective inflammation?

Leukocyte deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of many human diseases, as described throughout the book?

Excessive inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What defines repair, also known as healing, in the context of tissue destruction?

The restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when resolution occurs by regeneration following mild injury which damages the epithelium but not the underlying tissue?

Regeneration Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type contributes to the restoration of damaged tissues by providing regenerative capacity for muscle?

Satellite cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is dominated by scar formation during repair?

Permanent tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are continuously lost and replaced by maturation from tissue stem cells and by proliferation of mature cells?

Hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the sprouting of new vessels from existing ones in tissue repair and healing?

Angiogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which growth factor mainly stimulates both migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, initiating the process of capillary sprouting in angiogenesis?

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) Signup and view all the answers

What interacts with a tyrosine kinase receptor on endothelial cells called Tie2 during the stabilization of newly formed vessels in the process of angiogenesis?

Notch signaling Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme degrades the extracellular matrix to permit remodeling and extension of the vascular tube during angiogenesis?

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) Signup and view all the answers

Which step involves the suppression of endothelial proliferation and migration during the stabilization of newly formed vessels in angiogenesis?

Suppression of endothelial proliferation and migration Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissues have a limited capacity to regenerate after injury?

Permanent tissues Signup and view all the answers

What drives cell proliferation in the process of regeneration?

Growth factors and ECM proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which organ has a remarkable capacity to regenerate, demonstrated by its growth after partial hepatectomy?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What plays a dominant role in the regeneration of the liver, depending on the nature of the injury?

Proliferation of remaining hepatocytes Signup and view all the answers

What triggers hepatocyte proliferation in the regenerating liver?

Combined actions of cytokines and polypeptide growth factors Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily responsible for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins?

Mast cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is the most important for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins?

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme family is responsible for the degradation of collagens and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components?

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells contribute to the contraction of the scar over time?

Myofibroblasts Signup and view all the answers

Which family of enzymes cleaves and releases extracellular domains of cell-associated cytokines and growth factors?

ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cytokines such as IL-6 in the first phase of liver regeneration?

Stimulate cell metabolism and entry of cells into the cell cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of growth factors such as HGF and TGF-α in the second phase of liver regeneration?

Stimulate cell metabolism and entry of cells into the cell cycle Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the final termination phase of liver regeneration?

Hepatocytes return to quiescence Signup and view all the answers

In situations where the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes is impaired, which type of cells contribute to repopulation during liver regeneration?

Progenitor cells Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes repair by connective tissue deposition from regeneration in tissue repair?

Replacement of injured cells with connective tissue leading to scar formation Signup and view all the answers

Which process refers to the restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury?

Healing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to replace damaged components and essentially return to a normal state?

Regeneration Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when repair occurs by the laying down of connective (fibrous) tissue?

Fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissues are able to readily regenerate after injury as long as the pool of stem cells is preserved?

Labile tissues Signup and view all the answers

What are cells of stable tissues referred to when they are in the G0 stage of the cell cycle and have only minimal proliferative activity in their normal state?

Quiescent cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a systemic effect of inflammation?

Leukopenia Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of the clinical triad known as septic shock?

Excessive inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokines stimulate the production of acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein?

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Signup and view all the answers

In some severe infections, what can lead to the induction of septic shock?

High levels of cytokines Signup and view all the answers

Defective inflammation leading to increased susceptibility to infections is commonly caused by:

Leukocyte deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of regeneration in labile tissues, such as the epithelia of the intestinal tract and skin?

Proliferation of residual cells and differentiation of tissue stem cells Signup and view all the answers

Which growth factor primarily stimulates both migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, initiating the process of capillary sprouting in angiogenesis?

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) Signup and view all the answers

In situations where the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes is impaired, which type of cells contribute to repopulation during liver regeneration?

Progenitor cells Signup and view all the answers

What triggers hepatocyte proliferation in the regenerating liver?

Cytokines and polypeptide growth factors Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme family is responsible for the degradation of collagens and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components?

Proteases Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones?

Angiogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of macrophages in tissue repair?

Getting rid of microbes and dead tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which growth factor mainly stimulates both migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, initiating the process of capillary sprouting in angiogenesis?

VEGF-A Signup and view all the answers

What plays a role in the stabilization of newly formed vessels in the process of angiogenesis?

PDGF Signup and view all the answers

Which step is involved in the process of vessel sprouting in angiogenesis?

Migration of endothelial cells toward the area of tissue injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytokines such as IL-6 in the first phase of liver regeneration?

Stimulating cell metabolism and entry of hepatocytes into the cell cycle Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells contribute to repopulation during liver regeneration when the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes is impaired?

Oval cells in specialized niches called canals of Hering Signup and view all the answers

What drives cell proliferation in the process of liver regeneration?

Growth factors like HGF and TGF-α acting on primed hepatocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme family is responsible for the degradation of collagens and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components during tissue repair?

Matrix metalloproteinases Signup and view all the answers

What is the main trigger for hepatocyte proliferation in the regenerating liver?

Growth factors like HGF and TGF-α Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type primarily secretes transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in granulation tissue?

Alternatively activated macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine serves to limit and terminate inflammatory responses during the healing process?

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) Signup and view all the answers

Which family of enzymes is responsible for the degradation of collagens and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components?

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells contribute to the contraction of the scar over time?

Myofibroblasts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main enzyme family responsible for the degradation of collagens and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components?

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic metabolism in bacteria?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of bacterial growth is characterized by cell growth slowing to a stop?

Stationary phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source utilized in aerobic metabolism in bacteria?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic element is capable of independently moving within a cell or between cells?

Plasmid Signup and view all the answers

In bacterial transcription, what is the enzyme responsible for copying DNA to produce an RNA transcript?

RNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure formed when termination of mRNA transcription occurs following the interaction of RNA polymerase with a termination protein?

Stem loop Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infection allows for replication of large numbers and lysis of the cell to release newly formed bacteriophages?

Lytic infection Signup and view all the answers

What genetic element can turn lysogenic infections into lytic infections due to the inability to produce the repressor signal?

Transposons Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the uptake of naked DNA fragments by bacterial cells?

Transformation Signup and view all the answers

What bacterial classification is based on the stain retention ability of the cell wall?

Gram classification Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium has a peptidoglycan layer intertwined with an arabinogalactan polymer and surrounded by a mycolic acid layer?

Mycobacterium species Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural component of the cell wall in bacteria?

Peptidoglycan Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the replication of bacterial DNA?

Bacterial DNA replication begins at the origin of replication (OriC) and proceeds in both directions around the chromosome, resulting in two copies of the genome with one parental strand and one new strand. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic cellular organization of prokaryotic organisms like bacteria?

Their DNA is organized into a nucleoid and they lack a nuclear membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for many of the metabolic functions in prokaryotic cells?

Cell wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of bacterial ribosomes for protein synthesis?

They are characterized as 70S ribosomes and are located in the cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for segregation of replicated genomes and formation of septum in bacterial cell division?

Origin of replication (OriC) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor determines the growth rate and division pattern into identical daughter cells in bacteria?

Nutritional status of the environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms is completely dependent on the cells they infect?

Viruses Signup and view all the answers

Which category of microorganisms can be further categorized based on staining of cell wall, shape, oxygen requirements, and ability to form spores?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fungi have threadlike tubular structures (hyphae) and specialized asexual reproductive forms (conidia)?

Molds Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganisms are prokaryotic organisms with no nuclear membrane, mitochondria, Golgi, or ER?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which type of parasite belongs to eukaryotes and includes medically important species that can exist as both single-celled organisms and multi-celled organisms?

Multi-celled parasites Signup and view all the answers

Which category of microorganisms is further classified based on properties such as presence or absence of an envelope or shape/size?

Viruses Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common way of altering gene expression?

Changing the amount of mRNA transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Bacterial Virulence Factor - Capsule?

Protect against phagocytosis by host cells Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

Stimulation of innate and adaptive immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Spores produced by some Gram-positive bacteria?

Protect bacterial cells in harsh environmental conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which specific gene transcription is activated in response to bacterial concentration?

Quorum sensing Signup and view all the answers

What drives Motility in bacteria and allows positive and negative responses to environmental stimuli?

Flagella motility Signup and view all the answers

Tetracycline Antibiotics and Resistance Mechanisms

Podcast Beta

Questions and Answers

What is the term for an antimicrobial agent's range of activity?

Which term describes an antimicrobial agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria but does not kill them?

What is the primary goal in achieving selective toxicity with antimicrobials?

What is the term for a combination of two antibiotics that has enhanced bactericidal activity when tested together?

Why are eukaryotic pathogen sites more difficult to target compared to prokaryotic pathogen sites?

What is the most common method of resistance to tetracyclines?

Which antibiotic is known for causing teeth staining in children and interfering with bone development in fetuses?

What is the main mode of action for macrolides?

Which antibiotic is a treatment option for osteomyelitis and is active against Gram-positives and anaerobic Gram-negatives?

What is the cause of pseudomembrane colitis that follows treatment with clindamycin?

What is the most common first line of drugs used for Mycobacterial infections?

Which bactericidal drug has an affinity for plastics and is good for treatment of infections involving prostheses?

Which drug used in Mycobacterial infections can cause optic neuritis and requires measurement of visual acuity during therapy?

Which antibiotic is used in gut decontamination regimens for neutropenic patients and is not absorbed in the gut?

What type of test can determine if antibacterial combination therapy is synergistic or antagonistic?

Which mechanism confers resistance to all other beta-lactams EXCEPT ceftaroline?

What type of antibiotics are active only against aerobic Gram-negatives and resistant to anaerobes and Gram-positives?

Which class of antibiotics have historically been used for external otitis, eye infections, and skin infections by interacting with LPS and phospholipids in the outer membrane of bacteria?

Which enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring to yield inactive products and is released into the extracellular environment by Gram-positives?

What can lead to resistance against aminoglycosides through the mechanism of increased expulsion of drug from the cell?

What is the main target of antibacterial action?

What is the primary mechanism of action for β-lactam antibiotics?

What is the most common mechanism of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria?

What are transposons capable of generating copies that can integrate into the chromosome or plasmids known as?

What is the main purpose of classifying antibacterials based on their target site?

Which class of antibiotics binds to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?

What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?

Which antibiotic is known for its potential to cause tendon rupture, especially when given in combination with corticosteroids?

What is the primary use of rifampicin?

Which antibiotic is effective against anaerobic organisms and is originally introduced for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis?

Which cytokines stimulate the production of acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein?

What is the clinical triad known as when induced by high levels of TNF and other cytokines in severe infections?

What is responsible for increased susceptibility to infections due to leukocyte deficiency?

What is the most common cause of defective inflammation?

What is the underlying cause of many human diseases, as described throughout the book?

What defines repair, also known as healing, in the context of tissue destruction?

What is the process called when resolution occurs by regeneration following mild injury which damages the epithelium but not the underlying tissue?

Which cell type contributes to the restoration of damaged tissues by providing regenerative capacity for muscle?

Which type of tissue is dominated by scar formation during repair?

Which cells are continuously lost and replaced by maturation from tissue stem cells and by proliferation of mature cells?

Which process involves the sprouting of new vessels from existing ones in tissue repair and healing?

Which growth factor mainly stimulates both migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, initiating the process of capillary sprouting in angiogenesis?

What interacts with a tyrosine kinase receptor on endothelial cells called Tie2 during the stabilization of newly formed vessels in the process of angiogenesis?

Which enzyme degrades the extracellular matrix to permit remodeling and extension of the vascular tube during angiogenesis?

Which step involves the suppression of endothelial proliferation and migration during the stabilization of newly formed vessels in angiogenesis?

Which type of tissues have a limited capacity to regenerate after injury?

What drives cell proliferation in the process of regeneration?

Which organ has a remarkable capacity to regenerate, demonstrated by its growth after partial hepatectomy?

What plays a dominant role in the regeneration of the liver, depending on the nature of the injury?

What triggers hepatocyte proliferation in the regenerating liver?

Which cell type is primarily responsible for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins?

Which cytokine is the most important for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins?

Which enzyme family is responsible for the degradation of collagens and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components?

What type of cells contribute to the contraction of the scar over time?

Which family of enzymes cleaves and releases extracellular domains of cell-associated cytokines and growth factors?

What is the main function of cytokines such as IL-6 in the first phase of liver regeneration?

What is the role of growth factors such as HGF and TGF-α in the second phase of liver regeneration?

What happens during the final termination phase of liver regeneration?

In situations where the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes is impaired, which type of cells contribute to repopulation during liver regeneration?

What distinguishes repair by connective tissue deposition from regeneration in tissue repair?

Which process refers to the restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury?

What is the term for the ability to replace damaged components and essentially return to a normal state?

What is the process called when repair occurs by the laying down of connective (fibrous) tissue?

Which type of tissues are able to readily regenerate after injury as long as the pool of stem cells is preserved?

What are cells of stable tissues referred to when they are in the G0 stage of the cell cycle and have only minimal proliferative activity in their normal state?

Which of the following is NOT a systemic effect of inflammation?

What is the underlying cause of the clinical triad known as septic shock?

Which cytokines stimulate the production of acute-phase proteins such as C-reactive protein?

In some severe infections, what can lead to the induction of septic shock?

Defective inflammation leading to increased susceptibility to infections is commonly caused by:

What is the primary mechanism of regeneration in labile tissues, such as the epithelia of the intestinal tract and skin?

Which growth factor primarily stimulates both migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, initiating the process of capillary sprouting in angiogenesis?

In situations where the proliferative capacity of hepatocytes is impaired, which type of cells contribute to repopulation during liver regeneration?

What triggers hepatocyte proliferation in the regenerating liver?

Which enzyme family is responsible for the degradation of collagens and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components?

Which process involves the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones?

What is the primary role of macrophages in tissue repair?