Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following occurs during quiet expiration?
Which of the following occurs during quiet expiration?
- Active contraction of the internal intercostal muscles.
- Elevation of the rib cage by the external intercostals.
- Relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. (correct)
- Contraction of abdominal muscles to force air out.
What is the approximate intrapleural pressure (IPP) during normal breathing?
What is the approximate intrapleural pressure (IPP) during normal breathing?
- +4 mmHg
- 0 mmHg
- -12 mmHg
- -4 mmHg (correct)
In which generation of the lower respiratory tract does the trachea belong?
In which generation of the lower respiratory tract does the trachea belong?
- 0 generation (correct)
- 17th generation
- 16th generation
- 23rd generation
Which of the following is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Which of the following is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Which zone of the lower respiratory tract is responsible for gas exchange?
Which zone of the lower respiratory tract is responsible for gas exchange?
What volume does the chest have at the end of normal expiration?
What volume does the chest have at the end of normal expiration?
According to Boyle's Law, if the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the pressure inside the lungs?
According to Boyle's Law, if the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the pressure inside the lungs?
What is the average transpulmonary pressure (TPP)?
What is the average transpulmonary pressure (TPP)?
Flashcards
Lower Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract
Divided into 23 generations from trachea to alveoli.
Conducting Zone
Conducting Zone
Generations 0 to 16 responsible for air passage to lungs.
Respiratory Zone
Respiratory Zone
Generations 17 to 23 where gas exchange occurs.
Function of Respiratory System
Function of Respiratory System
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External Respiration
External Respiration
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Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration
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Expiration Mechanism
Expiration Mechanism
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Boyle's Law
Boyle's Law
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Study Notes
Mechanics of Respiration
- The respiratory tract is divided into conducting and respiratory zones
- Conducting zone: 0 to 16 generations (trachea, terminal bronchioles)
- Respiratory zone: 17 to 23 generations (respiratory bronchioles, alveoli)
- Respiratory acinus (respiratory lobule): functional unit of the lung
- Function of the respiratory system:
- Gas exchange (supplies O2, removes CO2)
- Regulates blood pH
- Regulates body temperature
- Voice production (vocalization)
- Smell and taste (olfactory and taste receptors)
Conducting Passages
- Upper Respiratory Tract: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
- Lower Respiratory Tract: trachea, primary bronchi, lungs, bronchus, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
- The lower respiratory tract has 23 generations
Mechanism to Prevent Foreign Particles
- Particles smaller than 0.5 μm stay in the alveoli during inspiration and are removed during expiration
- Smoking particles are 0.3 μm in size
- Particles larger than 10 μm are removed by nose hairs
Process of Respiration
- External respiration:
- Pulmonary ventilation: exchange of gases between lung and atmosphere (air movement)
Pulmonary Ventilation
- Respiratory rate: 12-20 breaths per minute
- Pulmonary perfusion: flow of blood through pulmonary capillaries
- Pulmonary respiration: diffusion of gases between alveoli and blood
Internal Respiration
- Tissue oxygen consumption: 200-250 ml/min
- Boyle's Law: volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure in a closed system
Mechanism of Expiration
- Expiration is caused by relaxation of inspiratory muscles
- Effect: decreases chest volume (increasing chest pressure)
- Passive process
Key Muscles
- Diaphragm: principle muscle of inspiration
- Sternomastoid muscles: lift the sternum upwards
Pressure Values
- Intrapleural pressure (IPP): always negative, average value = -4 mm Hg
- Transpulmonary pressure (TPP): always positive, average value = +4 mm Hg
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Description
Overview of the mechanics of respiration, including the conducting and respiratory zones. It also covers the function of the respiratory system, including gas exchange, blood pH regulation and voice production. Mechanism to prevent foreign particle entry is also discussed.
