Lung mechanics with mechanical Ventilation

Specifically, when a patient fails to ______ or oxygenate adequately, the problem may be caused by one of six pathophysiological factors.

In mechanical ventilation, the degree of airway resistance is primarily affected by the length, size, and patency of the airway, ______ tube, and ventilator circuit.

Impedance to ventilation by the movement of gas through the airways is called ______ resistance.

Airway resistance accounts for approximately 80% of the ______ resistance to ventilation.

A change in the caliber of an airway by a factor of 2 causes a ______-fold change in resistance.

The normal Raw is 0.5 to 2.5 cmH2O/L/______.

1/3 of the total work of breathing is attributable to ______ resistance to gas and tissue movement.

Raw = (PIP - Plateau) / Vi (______ Flow)

[Blank] compliance is volume change (lung expansion) per unit pressure change (work of breathing).

[Blank] compliance is the change in volume for any given applied pressure.

[Blank] lung compliance is the compliance of the lung at any given time during actual movement of air.

Low compliance indicates a ______ lung (one with high elastic recoil) and can be thought of as a thick balloon; e.g. fibrosis.

High compliance indicates a ______ lung (one with low elastic recoil) and can be thought of as a grocery bag; e.g. emphysema.

Correct Vt = Expired Vt - ______ Volume.

Abnormally low or high lung ______ impairs the patient's ability to maintain efficient gas exchange.

Low compliance typically makes lung ______ difficult.

Compliance is highest at ______ lung volumes, and much lower at volumes which are very low or very high.

High compliance induces incomplete ______ and CO2 elimination.

In many clinical situations (e.g., atelectasis), low lung compliance is responsible for ______ hypoxemia.

High compliance measurements are usually related to conditions that increase the patient's functional ______ capacity.

Static compliance is measured when there is no air flow (using the ______ Pressure - PEEP).

When air flow is absent, airway resistance is not a determining factor. Thus, static compliance reflects the ______ resistance of the lung and chest wall.

Dynamic compliance is measured when air flow is present (using the Peak Airway ______-PEEP).

Dynamic compliance therefore reflects the condition of airway resistance (non-elastic resistance) as well as the ______ properties of the lung and chest wall (elastic resistance).

The ______ Point is where the lungs over come the initial pressure to fill the lung.

When the lungs stop expanding but pressure is increased as the gas continues to be pushed in is known as the ______ Point.

[Blank] depends on the size of the subject and his or her metabolic rate

Estimation of wasted ______ is key in assessing the efficiency of ventilation.

[Blank] space can be subdivided into the following two components: anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space.

The volume of the conducting airways is called the ______ dead space, and averages about 1 ml per pound of Ideal Body Weight.

Some alveoli may not participate in gas exchange. These alveoli are ventilated but not ______ with the blood.

An example is a ______ embolism. This obstructs perfusion to ventilated alveoli, creating alveolar dead space.

The ______ of ventilation depends on the volume of fresh gas reaching the alveoli (Va).

The sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space is called ______ dead space.

Physiological dead space includes both the normal and abnormal components of ______ ventilation

[Blank] without perfusion is the amount of wasted ventilation.

Normal VD/VT = 20 to 40% and as high as 60% for some ______ patients.

The Bohr equation is used to figure ______ dead space

Auto-______ Occurs when there is not enough time for exhalation

Corrected auto-______ can assist with ventilation.

Patients who require mechanical ventilation often develop ventilatory failure or ______ failure, or both.

When patients on mechanical ventilation fail to ventilate or oxygenate adequately, the issue may stem from one of six ______ factors.

[Blank] is defined as airflow obstruction in the airways.

In mechanical ventilation, the degree of airway resistance is primarily determined by the length, size, and patency of the airway, endotracheal tube, and ______ circuit.

Gas flow through the airways also causes ______ resistance, which contributes to overall airway resistance.

The normal range for Raw (airway resistance) is 0.5 to 2.5 cmH2O/L/sec, indicating typical ______ in the airway.

Approximately 1/3 of the total work of breathing is attributable to ______ resistance to gas and tissue movement.

Raw can be calculated using the formula: Raw = (PIP - Plateau) / ______, where Vi represents inspiratory flow.

[Blank] compliance is defined as volume change per unit pressure change and measures the ______'s ability to stretch and expand.

In clinical practice, lung compliance is separated into two measurements: static compliance and ______ compliance.

[Blank] ______ compliance is the change in volume for any given applied pressure when there is no air flow.

Low compliance indicates a ______ lung (one with high elastic recoil) and can be associated with conditions like fibrosis.

High compliance indicates a ______ lung (one with low elastic recoil) and can be associated with conditions like emphysema.

Conditions like atelectasis often result in low lung compliance, which can lead to ______ hypoxemia.

High compliance is often related to conditions that increase the patient's functional residual ______, such as chronic air trapping.

Static compliance is calculated using the formula: Static Compliance = Corrected Tidal Volume / (Plateau Pressure - ______).

Dynamic compliance is calculated using the formula: Dynamic Compliance = Corrected Tidal Volume / (Peak Inspiratory Pressure - ______).

The volume of the conducting airways is termed anatomical ______, which averages about 1 ml per pound of Ideal Body Weight.

If a patient's weight is not specified, a standard value of ______ ml is often assumed for anatomical dead space.

[Blank] dead space refers to alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused, hindering gas exchange.

A pulmonary ______ is an example of a condition that can cause alveolar dead space by obstructing perfusion to ventilated alveoli.

The ______ of ventilation depends on the volume of fresh gas reaching the alveoli, which is represented by the formula Va = Vt - Vds.

Match the following clinical conditions with the type of airway issue they primarily cause:

Match the lung condition with its effect on lung compliance:

Match the values to describe the measurement of normal Raw:

Match the disease with a cause of decreased compliance:

Match the term with the respiratory phrase:

Match the measurement with the appropriate variable:

Match the value with the appropriate description of Alveolar Ventilation:

Match the anatomical location with the description:

Match the equation to the application associated:

Match the term to the definition:

Match the term:

Match the scenarios to the description:

Match the measurement with the appropiate term:

Match the terms that describe static compliance:

Match the condition with associated disease:

Match the condition with intervention:

Match the condition with disease:

Match the effect with conditions:

Match the intervention with effect

Match the time stamp with most likely description of airway mechanics:

Match the location with correct anatomical part:

Match the phrase with the correct definition:

Match the term with what will occur:

Match the disease with definition:

Match the action with the respiratory impact:

Match the sign with disease:

Match the description with deadspace equation:

Match the effect in obstructive airway with corresponding condition:

Match signs and symptoms of patient with restrictive issues:

Match the ventilator control variable:

Match to describe Alveolar Ventilation:

Match the intervention to improve oxygenation:

Match the definition to parameter:

Match the definition to the volume/ space in the lungs

Match the intervention to improve ventilation:

Match the description for assessment on patients on ventilation:

Match the reason for alarm trigger in ventilator management:

Match to the description of "Auto PEEP"

Match the following clinical conditions with their potential effects on airway resistance:

Match the measurement method with the type of lung compliance it assesses:

Match the following pulmonary dysfunctions with their impact on lung compliance:

Match the values used to calculate static compliance with their description:

Match the term with their significance in mechanical ventilation:

Match each term with its definition in respiratory physiology:

Match the calculations with their correct results, given a patient with following data: Vt 450, PaCO2 44, PeCO2 22.

Match the term with its definition in mechanical ventilation:

Match the equations with correct values for Alveolar Ventilation, considering Vt = 550 ml and IBW = 170 lbs.

Match the correct interpretations for low and high lung compliances:

Match the clinical scenario with the most likely change in airway resistance:

Match the term with their meaning related to alveolar ventilation:

Match the clinical condition with the type of dead space it primarily affects:

Match each term related to the pressure-volume loop with its clinical implication:

Match the method to measure static and dynamic compliance:

Match the following types of compliance and measurements to measure the compliance.

Match the type of assessment to the appropriate lung function

Match the following scenarios with the corresponding changes in PIP and Plateau pressures:

Match the terms with the formula.

Match the given data to the Alveolar Ventilation amount. Vt is 300ml and the RR is 28, Assume fixed dead space

Match the following calculation to the waste amount of inspired breath and total.

Match each of the equations to the answer. Please assume that these numbers are correct. $V_t$ is 450, where $PA_{CO_2}$ is 44 an PeCO2 is 22

Match each of the lung terms with the following definition.

Match each of the following situations to the amount of pressure that is required to move the inspiration.

Match the corresponding auto-PEEP with with normal PEEP.