Respiratory Module Session 3

The diaphragm is responsible for 75% of inspiration during breathing.

These muscles can aid inspiration if the diaphragm is paralyzed during moderate activity.

The equilibrium position at the end of normal expiration with relaxed respiratory muscles.

Expiration occurs passively due to the elastic recoil of the lungs during quiet breathing.

Involves active muscle contraction such as abdominal and internal intercostal muscles.

Include internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles during forced expiration.

The normal rate of breathing, typically 12-16 cycles per minute.

The stretchiness of the lungs, defined as volume change per unit pressure change.

A curve indicating lung capacity adaptation during inhalation.

A curve showing lung capacity adaptation during exhalation.

A substance reducing surface tension in the alveoli, aiding lung compliance.

Forces from elastic tissues and alveolar fluid affecting lung compliance.

Conditions like pulmonary edema and lung engorgement that impair lung expansion.

Increased compliance due to degeneration of alveolar walls in COPD conditions.

The film of fluid that lines alveoli, affecting expansion and compression.

The process involving the movement of air into and out of the lungs, influenced by lung and thoracic structure.

The measurement of the lung's ability to stretch and expand; it indicates the lung's elasticity.

A substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, increasing lung compliance and preventing collapse.

The resistance encountered by air as it flows through the airways, influenced by airway diameter and lung volume.

The main muscle used in breathing, contracting during inspiration to increase thoracic volume.

Additional muscles (like sternocleidomastoid) used during forced inspiration to raise the thoracic cage further.

The space filled with pleural fluid between the lungs and thoracic wall, helping to keep the lungs inflated.

The tendency of the lungs to return to their resting state after inhalation, balanced by chest wall expansion.

The force that causes the molecules at the surface of a liquid to be attracted more to each other than to the air above.

A principle stating that the pressure within a bubble is determined by its radius and surface tension, expressed as P = 2T/r.

As an alveolus expands, its radius increases while surfactant molecules spread, affecting surface tension.

The internal pressure (P) in an alveolus, influenced by surface tension (T) and radius (r).

Surfactant prevents small alveoli from collapsing into larger ones, helping to stabilize the lung structure.

A condition in infants caused by the absence of surfactant, especially in those younger than 25 weeks gestation.

Equation that describes airflow resistance in a tube: Resistance = (Pressure x Length) / (Radius^4).

Tiny air sacs in the lungs that are responsible for gas exchange.

A serious lung condition caused by fluid accumulation, leading to decreased oxygenation.