Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics Unit 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of thermodynamics?

  • Energy conversion and its effect on physical properties (correct)
  • Electrical properties of matter
  • Study of molecular structure and its properties
  • Mechanical properties of materials

    • What is the term used to describe the quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study?

  • Boundary
  • Control Volume
  • System (correct)
  • Surrounding

    • What is the characteristic of a closed system?

  • Volume of the system is fixed
  • Energy can cross its boundary (correct)
  • No mass or energy can cross its boundary
  • Mass can cross its boundary

    • What is the term used to describe the boundary of a control volume?

    <p>Control Surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to thermodynamic studies considers the events occurring at the molecular level?

    <p>Microscopic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of the macroscopic approach?

    <p>Overall system behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the macroscopic approach?

    <p>Requires simple mathematical formulae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the region outside the system?

    <p>Surrounding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a closed system?

    <p>Piston cylinder device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of classical thermodynamics?

    <p>Macroscopic behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a process that proceeds in a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times?

    <p>Quasi-static or quasi-equilibrium process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a point function?

    <p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of pressure in the SI system?

    <p>Pa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the Kelvin scale and the Celsius scale?

    <p>T(K) = T(C) + 273.16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a system that returns to its initial state at the end of a process?

    <p>Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a quantity whose value depends on the path followed during a change of state?

    <p>Path function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pressure measured relative to absolute vacuum?

    <p>Absolute pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition for a system to be in a state of mechanical equilibrium?

    <p>Equality of pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a system that is isolated from its surroundings and has no changes in macroscopic properties?

    <p>Thermodynamic equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the temperature of a system when it is uniform throughout?

    <p>Thermal equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of a quasi-static process?

    <p>Infinite slowness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an irreversible process on the surroundings?

    <p>Loss of work and gain of low temperature heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of work in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>Joule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating work in physics?

    <p>W=F·d·cos(θ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sign convention for work done by the system on the surroundings?

    <p>Positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the change in volume represented by in the formula for pressure-volume work?

    <p>ΔV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reversible process?

    <p>A process that is carried out with an infinitesimal gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an irreversible process on the system and surroundings?

    <p>The system and surroundings cannot be restored to their initial state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of thermodynamic work?

    <p>Energy transfer that occurs when a system undergoes a change in volume or pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between the change in internal energy and heat and work in the first law of thermodynamics?

    <p>ΔU=Q-W</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the microscopic approach in statistical thermodynamics?

    <p>To analyze the changes in a system using statistical and mathematical methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a system called?

    <p>Property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of property is independent of the size of the system?

    <p>Intensive property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific volume of a substance?

    <p>The quotient of the substance's volume to its mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the continuum idealization used for?

    <p>To treat properties as point functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of a system described by?

    <p>Its properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition of a system at any instant of time called?

    <p>State of the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a system in equilibrium characterized by?

    <p>No unbalanced potentials within the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of thermodynamics?

    <p>Energy conversion and its effect on physical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boundary of a control volume called?

    <p>Control surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the feature of a quasi-equilibrium process?

    <p>The system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of system has a fixed amount of mass and no mass can cross its boundary?

    <p>Closed system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the microscopic approach?

    <p>Analyzing the changes in the system using advanced statistical and mathematical methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a path function?

    <p>Heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an intensive property?

    <p>Its value remains the same whether one considers the whole system or only a part of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the pressure measured relative to absolute vacuum?

    <p>Absolute pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach to thermodynamic studies considers the overall behavior of a system?

    <p>Macroscopic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the region inside the system boundary?

    <p>System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition for a system to be in a state of mechanical equilibrium?

    <p>There is no change in pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a property that is dependent on the mass of a system?

    <p>Extensive property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of specific volume?

    <p>The reciprocal of the density of a substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an open system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a point function?

    <p>The value does not depend on the path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of pressure in the SI system?

    <p>Pa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of continuum idealization used for?

    <p>To treat properties as point functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of classical thermodynamics?

    <p>System properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the Kelvin scale and the Celsius scale?

    <p>T(K) = T(C) + 273.16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a system in equilibrium?

    <p>Uniform properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of a system described by?

    <p>Its properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the temperature of a system when it is uniform throughout?

    <p>Thermal equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition of a system at any instant of time called?

    <p>State</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study?

    <p>System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a cycle?

    <p>The system returns to its initial state at the end of the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the mass and region outside the system boundary?

    <p>Surrounding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a system in equilibrium?

    <p>There are no changes in the system when it is isolated from its surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another?

    <p>Process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily?

    <p>Steady flow process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the series of states through which a system passes during a process?

    <p>Path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of a quasi-static process?

    <p>Infinite slowness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a system that returns to its initial state at the end of a process?

    <p>Reversible process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating work in physics?

    <p>W=F·d·cos(?)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sign convention for work done by the system on the surroundings?

    <p>Positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of work in the International System of Units (SI)?

    <p>Joule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a reversible process?

    <p>No dissipative effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an irreversible process on the surroundings?

    <p>Loss of work and gain of low-temperature heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the energy transfer that occurs when a system undergoes a change in volume or pressure?

    <p>Thermodynamic work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for pressure-volume work?

    <p>W=P·?V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between the change in internal energy and heat and work in the first law of thermodynamics?

    <p>?U=Q-W</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Thermodynamics

    • Thermodynamics is the science of energy and its transformation, and its effects on physical properties of substances.
    • It deals with equilibrium and feasibility of a process, and the relationship between heat and work, and the properties of systems in equilibrium.

    Thermodynamics System

    • A thermodynamics system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
    • The mass and region outside the system is called the surrounding.
    • The boundary of the system is a real or imaginary surface that separates the system from the surrounding.

    Types of Thermodynamics Systems

    • Closed System (Control Mass): A fixed amount of mass, no mass can cross its boundary, and energy can cross the boundary in the form of heat or work.
    • Open System (Control Volume): A properly selected region in space where both mass and energy can cross the boundary.

    Approaches to Thermodynamics

    • Macroscopic Approach: Considers a certain quantity of matter without taking into account events occurring at the molecular level.
    • Microscopic Approach: Considers the matter as comprised of a large number of tiny particles known as molecules, which move randomly in a disordered fashion.

    Properties of a System

    • Property: Any characteristic of a system.
    • Intensive Properties: Independent of the size of the system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.
    • Extensive Properties: Depend on the size or extent of the system, such as mass, volume, and total energy.

    Specific Properties of a System

    • Specific Properties: Extensive properties per unit mass.
    • Specific Volume: The volume of a substance per unit mass.
    • Specific Energy: The energy of a substance per unit mass.
    • Specific Gravity: The density of a substance with respect to the density of a standard substance at a specified temperature.

    Continuum and State

    • Continuum: A continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes.
    • State: The condition of a system at any instant of time, described by its properties.

    Equilibrium and Processes

    • Equilibrium: A state of balance, with no unbalanced potentials or driving forces within the system.
    • Process: A change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another.
    • Quasi-Equilibrium Process: A process that proceeds in a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times.

    Point Function and Path Function

    • Point Function: A quantity whose change is independent of the path, such as properties.
    • Path Function: A quantity whose value depends on the path followed during a change of state, such as heat and work.

    Cycle and Steady Flow Process

    • Cycle: A system that returns to its initial state at the end of a process.
    • Steady Flow Process: A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily.

    Temperature and Pressure

    • Temperature: A measure of hotness or coldness, measured in Celsius or Kelvin scales.
    • Pressure: The force exerted by a fluid per unit area, measured in pascals.

    Thermodynamic Equilibrium

    • Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A system that exists in a state of equilibrium, with no changes in macroscopic properties observed if the system is isolated from its surroundings.

    Quasi-Static Process and Reversible Process

    • Quasi-Static Process: A process that is performed in an infinitesimally slow manner, with the system remaining in equilibrium at all times.
    • Reversible Process: A process that is performed in such a way that both the system and surrounding can be restored to their initial state without producing any changes in the rest of the universe.

    Irreversible Process

    • Irreversible Process: A process that is carried out in such a way that the system and surrounding cannot be exactly restored to their respective initial states at the end of the reverse process.

    Work in Thermodynamics

    • Work: The transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied to an object, causing it to move.
    • Thermodynamic Work: Work involves energy transfer that occurs when a system undergoes a change in volume or pressure.
    • Pressure-Volume Work: Work done by or on a system at constant pressure, given by W = PΔV.

    Sign Convention and Heat Transfer

    • Sign Convention: Work done by the system is positive, and work done on the system is negative.
    • Heat Transfer: The transfer of energy from one body to another due to a temperature difference.

    Introduction to Thermodynamics

    • Thermodynamics is the science of energy and its transformation, and its effects on physical properties of substances.
    • It deals with equilibrium and feasibility of a process, and the relationship between heat and work, and the properties of systems in equilibrium.

    Thermodynamics System

    • A thermodynamics system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
    • The mass and region outside the system is called the surrounding.
    • The boundary of the system is a real or imaginary surface that separates the system from the surrounding.

    Types of Thermodynamics Systems

    • Closed System (Control Mass): A fixed amount of mass, no mass can cross its boundary, and energy can cross the boundary in the form of heat or work.
    • Open System (Control Volume): A properly selected region in space where both mass and energy can cross the boundary.

    Approaches to Thermodynamics

    • Macroscopic Approach: Considers a certain quantity of matter without taking into account events occurring at the molecular level.
    • Microscopic Approach: Considers the matter as comprised of a large number of tiny particles known as molecules, which move randomly in a disordered fashion.

    Properties of a System

    • Property: Any characteristic of a system.
    • Intensive Properties: Independent of the size of the system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.
    • Extensive Properties: Depend on the size or extent of the system, such as mass, volume, and total energy.

    Specific Properties of a System

    • Specific Properties: Extensive properties per unit mass.
    • Specific Volume: The volume of a substance per unit mass.
    • Specific Energy: The energy of a substance per unit mass.
    • Specific Gravity: The density of a substance with respect to the density of a standard substance at a specified temperature.

    Continuum and State

    • Continuum: A continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes.
    • State: The condition of a system at any instant of time, described by its properties.

    Equilibrium and Processes

    • Equilibrium: A state of balance, with no unbalanced potentials or driving forces within the system.
    • Process: A change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another.
    • Quasi-Equilibrium Process: A process that proceeds in a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times.

    Point Function and Path Function

    • Point Function: A quantity whose change is independent of the path, such as properties.
    • Path Function: A quantity whose value depends on the path followed during a change of state, such as heat and work.

    Cycle and Steady Flow Process

    • Cycle: A system that returns to its initial state at the end of a process.
    • Steady Flow Process: A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily.

    Temperature and Pressure

    • Temperature: A measure of hotness or coldness, measured in Celsius or Kelvin scales.
    • Pressure: The force exerted by a fluid per unit area, measured in pascals.

    Thermodynamic Equilibrium

    • Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A system that exists in a state of equilibrium, with no changes in macroscopic properties observed if the system is isolated from its surroundings.

    Quasi-Static Process and Reversible Process

    • Quasi-Static Process: A process that is performed in an infinitesimally slow manner, with the system remaining in equilibrium at all times.
    • Reversible Process: A process that is performed in such a way that both the system and surrounding can be restored to their initial state without producing any changes in the rest of the universe.

    Irreversible Process

    • Irreversible Process: A process that is carried out in such a way that the system and surrounding cannot be exactly restored to their respective initial states at the end of the reverse process.

    Work in Thermodynamics

    • Work: The transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied to an object, causing it to move.
    • Thermodynamic Work: Work involves energy transfer that occurs when a system undergoes a change in volume or pressure.
    • Pressure-Volume Work: Work done by or on a system at constant pressure, given by W = PΔV.

    Sign Convention and Heat Transfer

    • Sign Convention: Work done by the system is positive, and work done on the system is negative.
    • Heat Transfer: The transfer of energy from one body to another due to a temperature difference.

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    Description

    Learn about the basic concepts of thermodynamics, including energy transformation, equilibrium, and feasibility of a process. Understand the relationship between heat and work, and the properties of systems in equilibrium.

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