Measurement Error in Behavioral Sciences: Constructs and Observables
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of random error on the data?

  • It eliminates the bias in the measurement
  • It affects the average performance of the group
  • It reduces the measurement error
  • It increases the variability around the average (correct)

    • Which type of error tends to yield a systematic lower agreement rate in survey responses?

  • Reliability error
  • Systematic error (correct)
  • Random error
  • Measurement error

    • What is the primary reason why constructs in the behavioral sciences cannot be measured directly?

  • They are not quantifiable
  • They are not theoretically well-defined
  • They are not of practical interest
  • They are abstract in nature (correct)

    • What is the difference between the value of a characteristic provided by the respondent and the true value of that characteristic referred to as?

    <p>Measurement error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of systematic error result in?

    <p>A bias in the measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of establishing a rule of correspondence between a theoretical concept and observable behaviors called?

    <p>Operationalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does random error affect the average performance of the group?

    <p>It does not affect the average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do behavioral manifestations or proxies typically reflect in relation to a construct?

    <p>Very specific aspects of the construct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are constructs central to behavioral theory?

    <p>Because they are the building blocks of any behavioral theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the difference between the value of a characteristic provided by the respondent and the true value of that characteristic?

    <p>Measurement error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the continuum along which subjects are positioned in relation to a construct?

    <p>Latent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between overt behaviors and a construct?

    <p>Overt behaviors represent the construct manifestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consideration when deciding on the most appropriate data collection method?

    <p>The desired level of measurement error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur due to poorly worded survey instructions or ambiguous definitions?

    <p>Data specification problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that can influence the response to a question?

    <p>The interviewer's effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a limitation of the questions in a questionnaire?

    <p>They are incapable of eliciting the required information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration when designing a questionnaire?

    <p>The visual layout of the questionnaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four sources of measurement error mentioned in the text?

    <p>The questionnaire, the data collection method, the interviewer, and the respondent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary way an interviewer can introduce error in survey responses?

    <p>By probing inappropriately when handed an inadequate response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a source of measurement error that arises from the respondent's perspective?

    <p>Respondent interpretation of questionnaire items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of forming memories or retaining knowledge related to in the context of measurement error?

    <p>Encoding of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an interviewer varying their inflection or tone of voice?

    <p>Respondent confusion or misleading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of choosing an appropriate answer from available options based on retrieved information?

    <p>Judgment of appropriate answer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can an interviewer's personal mannerisms influence survey responses?

    <p>By displaying other changes in personal mannerisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering different treatments to randomly selected subsamples of the full survey sample?

    <p>To quantify measurement error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of setting can measurement error be studied?

    <p>In both qualitative and quantitative settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why survey managers emphasize controlling the sources of measurement error?

    <p>Because it is expensive and difficult to implement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of triangulating across several measures?

    <p>To account for different biases in each measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of double-checking data?

    <p>To identify errors in data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of making observations or measurements as unobtrusive as possible?

    <p>To reduce social desirability biases</p> Signup and view all the answers

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