Measurement and Scalars vs Vectors

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between speed and velocity?

  • Speed is the rate of change of distance, while velocity is the rate of change of displacement. (correct)
  • Speed is greater than velocity in all cases.
  • Speed has magnitude and direction, while velocity only has magnitude.
  • Speed is a vector quantity, while velocity is a scalar quantity.

How is acceleration defined in kinematics?

  • The rate of change of speed.
  • The rate of change of displacement.
  • The rate of change of distance.
  • The rate of change of velocity. (correct)

What does the gradient of a displacement-time graph represent?

  • Acceleration of the body.
  • Change in velocity of the body.
  • Velocity of the body. (correct)
  • Distance travelled by the body.

In addressing uncertainty associated with a quantity raised to the nth power, what formula should be used?

<p>Δz/z = |n| × (Δx/x) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information can be derived from the area under a velocity-time graph?

<p>Change in displacement of the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the number of electric field lines per unit cross-sectional area represent?

<p>The strength of the electric field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the strength of a magnetic field in a solenoid?

<p>The voltage supplied to the solenoid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the equation F = BIl sinθ, what does the symbol F represent?

<p>Force experienced by the conductor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Fleming’s left-hand rule determine in the context of magnetic fields?

<p>The direction of force on a conductor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about magnetic flux density B?

<p>It is the magnetic force per unit length on a current-carrying conductor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of geostationary satellites?

<p>They orbit Earth at a fixed position relative to the surface. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation relates the current to the rate of flow of electric charge?

<p>$Q = It$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be true for a satellite to be classified as geostationary?

<p>Its orbital plane must align with the equator. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation can be used to find the resistance of a circuit component?

<p>$V = IR$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of geostationary satellites for communication systems?

<p>They allow fixed antennas on Earth to stay aligned with the satellite. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight of a body?

<p>The gravitational force experienced by a mass in a gravitational field (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of conservation of momentum state?

<p>Total momentum remains constant unless acted upon by an external force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a perfectly elastic collision, which of the following is true?

<p>Momentum is conserved and kinetic energy is also conserved (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two bodies collide inelastically, what happens to their kinetic energy?

<p>Some kinetic energy gets converted to other forms of energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for linear momentum?

<p>Momentum = mass x velocity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is impulse defined as?

<p>The product of force and time of impact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a completely inelastic collision?

<p>Kinetic energy is minimized and bodies stick together (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between resultant force and momentum?

<p>Resultant force equals the rate of change of momentum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the magnetic flux density in a current balance?

<p>B = mgd2 / Ild1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which direction does Fleming's left-hand rule indicate the force acts when currents flow in the same direction?

<p>Attraction between conductors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using Fleming's left-hand rule, which finger represents the direction of the magnetic field?

<p>Index finger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when two current-carrying conductors have currents flowing in opposite directions?

<p>They repel each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the equation F = BQv sinθ, what does the variable 'v' represent?

<p>Velocity of the charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the force experienced by an electrically charged particle and the electric field strength?

<p>F = qE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition must be met for a current-carrying coil to achieve rotational equilibrium in a magnetic field?

<p>The pivot positions must create equal moments about the pivot. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the direction of force on a moving charge in a magnetic field change with the charge's movement?

<p>It is opposite to the direction of movement for negative charges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the equation Ep = mgh represent in physics?

<p>Gravitational potential energy changes near the Earth's surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Newton’s Second Law, what is the force exerted when a body of mass m is lifted without changing its velocity?

<p>F = mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the instantaneous power when a constant force F acts on an object moving with velocity v?

<p>P = Fv (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit of measurement is used for angular displacement?

<p>Radians (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is angular velocity (ω) related to the frequency (f) of rotation?

<p>ω = 2πf (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation relates linear velocity (v) to angular velocity (ω) in circular motion?

<p>v = rω (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating power (P) based on work done (W) over time (t)?

<p>P = W / t (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In uniform circular motion, which of the following statements is true regarding angular velocity?

<p>Angular velocity is constant at all points on a rotating body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fractional Uncertainty of a Power

The fractional uncertainty of a quantity raised to a power is equal to the absolute value of the index times the fractional uncertainty of the original quantity.

Displacement

The distance and direction from a reference point.

Velocity

Rate of change of displacement. Includes direction.

Gradient of a Displacement-Time graph

The calculated velocity

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Area under a Velocity-Time graph

The change in displacement

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Geostationary Orbit

A satellite orbit where the satellite appears stationary over a fixed point on Earth.

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Electric Current

The rate of flow of electric charge.

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Potential Difference

The work done per unit charge to move a charge through a circuit.

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Resistance (of a Component)

The ratio of potential difference across a component to the current through it.

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Power Dissipation (in Resistor)

The rate at which energy is converted to heat in a resistor.

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Gravitational Potential Energy (Ep)

Energy stored in an object due to its position in a gravitational field.

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Power (P)

Rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.

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Power (P) - Force & Velocity

Instantaneous power calculated as the product of force and velocity in the direction of the force.

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Angular Displacement (θ)

Angle through which a rotating body moves, measured in radians.

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Angular Velocity (ω)

Rate of change of angular displacement.

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Radians

Unit of angular measure.

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Weight of a body

The gravitational force experienced by a mass in a gravitational field.

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Apparent weight

Force exerted on a body by a supporting body.

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Linear Velocity (v)

Velocity measured in a straight line

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Uniform Circular Motion

Motion in a circle with constant speed and constant angular velocity.

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Linear Momentum

Product of mass and velocity; vector quantity.

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Conservation of Momentum

Total momentum remains constant in a closed system, no outside forces.

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Elastic Collision

Collision where both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.

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Inelastic Collision

Collision where momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy isn't.

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Completely Inelastic Collision

Inelastic collision where objects stick together; maximum kinetic energy loss.

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Weight calculation

Weight (W) = mass (m) × gravitational field strength (g).

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Electric Field Strength

The force experienced by a positive charge per unit charge placed in the field.

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Magnetic Field

A field of force produced by current-carrying conductors or permanent magnets.

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Magnetic Flux Density

The magnetic force per unit length on a current-carrying conductor placed perpendicularly to the magnetic field.

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Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor

A force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field, if the field is perpendicular or has a perpendicular component to the current flow.

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Field Lines (Electric Field)

Visual representation of an electric field, showing the direction of force on a positive charge.

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Magnetic Flux Density Measurement

Using a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field to calculate the strength of the field.

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Force on Current-Carrying Conductors

Currents in conductors create magnetic fields, causing attractive or repulsive forces between them based on current direction.

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Fleming's Left-Hand Rule

A rule to determine the direction of force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field or a moving charge in a magnetic field.

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Force on a Moving Charge

A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to both its velocity and the magnetic field.

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Rotational Equilibrium

A state where the sum of torques (rotational forces) on an object is zero.

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Magnetic Force Calculation

The formula B = mgd2 / Ild1 calculates magnetic flux density (B) using mass (m), gravitational acceleration (g), distances (d1, d2), current (I), and length (l).

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Force on Charges in an Electric Field

Electric field strength (E) times charge (q) equals the force (F) on a charge in an electric field.

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Current Balance

A device that uses a current-carrying conductor to measure magnetic flux density.

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Study Notes

Topic: Measurement

  • Physical quantities and SI units
    • Base quantities: mass (kilogram), length (meter), time (second), current (ampere), temperature (kelvin), amount of substance (mole)
    • One mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 1023 particles (Avogadro's number)
    • Derived units are expressed as a combination (products or quotients) of base units.
    • A physical equation is homogeneous if all terms have the same units.
    • Quantities added/subtracted must have the same units.
    • Equations that are valid must be homogeneous.
    • Graph axes and table headings should include quantities and corresponding units (e.g., L/m).
    • Numerical labels on axes should have the same number of decimal places.
    • Prefixes and symbols (e.g., pico (p) - 10-12, nano (n) - 10-9, micro (μ) - 10-6, milli (m) - 10-3, etc.) for sub-multiples and multiples.

Topic: Scalars and Vectors

  • Distinction between scalar and vector quantities.
    • Scalars have magnitude only (e.g., mass, time, length, volume, temperature, density, speed, energy, pressure, current).
    • Vectors have both magnitude and direction (e.g., displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum).
  • Addition and subtraction of coplanar vectors:
    • Parallel vectors: simple addition/subtraction.
    • Non-parallel vectors: parallelogram or triangle of vectors.
    • Representation using components: horizontal and vertical components resolved.

Topic: Errors and Uncertainties

  • Distinction between systematic and random errors:
    • Systematic errors have a constant magnitude (always positive or negative), e.g., zero error.
    • Random errors have varying magnitudes (equal chance of being positive or negative).
  • Distinction between precision and accuracy:
    • Precision: closeness of individual measurements to each other.
    • Accuracy: closeness of a measured value to the true value.
  • Assessing uncertainty in a derived quantity:
    • Addition/subtraction: add absolute uncertainties.
    • Multiplication/division: add fractional/percentage uncertainties.
    • Constant multiplication: multiply absolute uncertainty by the constant.

Topic: Rectilinear Motion

  • Displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration: Their definitions and representations.
  • Graphical representations: distance-time, displacement-time, speed-time, velocity-time, and acceleration-time graphs.
  • Derivation of equations of uniformly accelerated motion (e.g., v = u + at, s = ut + 0.5at2, v2 = u2 + 2as).
  • Solving problems using these equations.
  • Uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line, deriving relationships and solving problems, sketching diagrams, etc.

Topic: Dynamics

  • Newton's laws of motion: 1st law (inertia), 2nd law (F=ma), 3rd law (action-reaction).
  • Applying Newton's laws to solve problems involving forces and motion.
  • Mass as the property resisting change in motion (inertia).
  • Concept of weight.

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