Questions and Answers
When did early interest in the human body probably develop?
When people became concerned about injuries and illness
What was the most effective way to understand and begin treating sickness?
By observation of the natural processes in the human body
What was a reason for our ancestors to begin studying the human body?
To understand what caused illness
What is the branch of science that deals with the morphology of body parts?
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What is the basic unit of function and structure in the human body?
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What is the definition of metabolism?
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The physiological events that obtain, release, and use energy are largely part of?
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What is the term for the combination of chemical reactions in cells that use or release energy?
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What is the definition of homeostasis?
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What portion of the human organism consists of the head, neck, and trunk?
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What body cavity would contain the heart, esophagus, and trachea?
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What organ system would include the thyroid gland and pancreas?
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What organ system would include the heart and blood vessels?
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What organ system is responsible for coordination and integration of bodily functions as well as detecting changes inside and outside the body?
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In which decade of life are the first signs of aging usually noticeable?
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If a boy was standing on his head, his mouth would be __________ to his nose.
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What ovarian hormone is involved in a positive feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
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A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse that change.
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A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction.
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What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary as part of that positive feedback loop between anterior pituitary and the ovary?
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What hormone is released by the corpus luteum in the ovary after ovulation and causes a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
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The incision is located on the __________ surface on the __________ side of the body.
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The incision is located in the __________ region of the body.
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The incision is approximately 4 inches __________ to the antecubital region.
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Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one?
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During a race, the body temperature of a runner increases. The runner responds by perspiring (sweating), which lowers body temperature. This process is an example of a __________.
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The serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity is called the __________. The membrane that covers the surface of the abdominopelvic organs is called the __________.
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The knee is __________ to the ankle.
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The incision is located on the __________ surface on the __________ side of the body.
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The incision is located in the __________ region of the body.
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The incision is approximately 3 inches __________ to the patellar region.
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The human body undergoes changes with the passage of time, a process called __________.
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The structures within cells that carry out specific activities are called __________.
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The lungs are __________ to the heart.
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What is the term for the solution found within a cell?
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The region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs is called the __________.
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Study Notes
Early Human Anatomy Study
- Early interest in the human body arose from concerns about injuries and illnesses.
- Observation of natural processes was crucial for understanding and treating sickness.
- Studying the human body helped ancestors identify causes of illness.
Key Definitions in Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy: The branch of science focusing on the morphology of body parts.
- Cell: The basic unit of function and structure in the human body.
- Metabolism: Encompasses all chemical reactions in an organism supporting life, including energy acquisition and utilization.
- Homeostasis: The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
Body Structure and Organ Systems
- Axial Portion: Consists of the head, neck, and trunk.
- Mediastinum: Body cavity containing vital structures like the heart, esophagus, and trachea.
- Endocrine System: Includes glands such as the thyroid and pancreas.
- Cardiovascular System: Comprises the heart and blood vessels.
- Nervous System: Integrates and coordinates bodily functions and detects internal and external changes.
Aging and Physiological Changes
- First signs of aging typically noticeable in the third decade of life.
- Structural changes continue to occur in the body over time.
Anatomical Terminology
- Inferior: Refers to a position lower than another; example of positional relationship between mouth and nose when the body is inverted.
- Brachial Region: Refers to the upper arm area.
- Proximal and Distal: Terms used to describe positions relative to a point of reference; proximal means closer, while distal means further away.
- Lateral: Indicates a position on the outer side; for instance, the lungs are lateral to the heart.
Feedback Mechanisms in Physiology
- Negative Feedback Loop: A response that reverses a physiological change, exemplified by perspiration reducing body temperature during a race.
- Positive Feedback Loop: Involves self-amplifying cycles; for example, estrogen in a feedback loop with the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
Hormonal Regulation
- Estrogen: Hormone involved in positive feedback mechanisms between the ovary and anterior pituitary.
- Luteinizing Hormone: Released by the anterior pituitary, part of the positive feedback loop with ovaries.
- Progesterone: Released after ovulation, causing a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
Serous Membrane
- Parietal Peritoneum: Lines the abdominal cavity.
- Visceral Peritoneum: Covers the surface of the abdominopelvic organs.
Intracellular Components
- Organelles: Structures within cells that perform specific functions.
- Intracellular Fluid: The solution present within cells that supports organelle activity.
Thoracic Cavity
- The region between the lungs is known as the mediastinum, housing critical structures for bodily function.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of human anatomy and the historical interest in the human body with these flashcards from Chapter 1 of McGraw-Hill Connect. Each card addresses key questions that highlight the importance of observation and the motivations behind studying the human body.
