MBBS103: Behaviour and Environment Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a key aspect of psychology in medicine that goes beyond common sense?

Diagnosis of symptoms

Development of treatment plans

Empirical testing of common-sense views (correct)

Adoption of the bio-psycho-social model

Which of the following is NOT a reason why psychology matters in medicine?

It helps in improving adherence to treatment

It helps in understanding common-sense views (correct)

It helps in diagnosis

It helps in negotiating treatment plans

What is a key outcome of adopting the bio-psychosocial model in medicine?

Development of health behaviour change theories

Understanding of symptom perception

Improvement in treatment plans

Integration of psychological, social and biological factors (correct)

Which of the following is an example of health-related behaviour?

Symptom reporting Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of understanding psychological frameworks for understanding illness-related behaviours?

Enhanced health behaviour change Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the science of behaviour in healthcare?

Understanding human cognition Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between operant and classical conditioning?

Operant conditioning focuses on the consequences of behaviour, while classical conditioning focuses on the antecedents. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a variable schedule of reinforcement on behaviour?

It strengthens the behaviour. Signup and view all the answers

Why does reinforcement strengthen behaviour, while punishment only weakens it?

Reinforcement tells you what to do, while punishment only tells you what not to do. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an application of operant conditioning in medicine and health?

Encouraging medication adherence. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antecedents in operant conditioning?

They trigger the behaviour. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the size of reinforcement on behaviour?

Larger reinforcements strengthen the behaviour. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between UCS and UCR in classical conditioning?

UCR is naturally occurring, while UCS is learned. Signup and view all the answers

How does the time duration between behaviour and consequence affect the behaviour?

A shorter time duration strengthens the behaviour. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way that behaviours are acquired according to social learning theory?

By observing and imitating significant others Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a model's behaviour is imitated by an observer, according to Bandura's social learning theory?

The characteristics of the model being observed Signup and view all the answers

In the vicarious reinforcement study, what happened in Condition 1?

Children saw the model being rewarded by a second adult Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of social learning theory, according to the content?

It cannot explain complex behaviours Signup and view all the answers

According to social learning theory, why might someone start smoking?

Because their peers are smoking Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of social learning cited in the content?

Developing a phobia through social learning Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura's social learning theory, what type of models are more likely to influence an observer's behaviour?

Models with similar characteristics to the observer Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind vicarious reinforcement, as demonstrated in the 1965 study?

We learn by observing others being punished or rewarded Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning is occurring when chemotherapy patients associate nausea with a novel drink?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the main difference between operant and classical conditioning?

One is based on association and the other is based on reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of classical and operant conditioning in understanding behaviour?

They ignore the role of cognitive and emotional processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the COM-B model?

Developing comprehensive and responsive theories of behaviour Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a health-related behaviour that can be understood through classical conditioning?

Anticipatory nausea in chemotherapy patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the chapter by Ogden (2012) on addictive behaviours?

Applying classical and operant conditioning to health psychology Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between habituation and instrumental learning?

One involves associative learning and the other involves reinforcement learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of understanding classical and operant conditioning in health psychology?

It helps develop evidence-based treatments for phobias and addictions Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of social learning theories?

They focus solely on automatic/unconscious responses to environmental cues. Signup and view all the answers

What is the COM-B model designed to address?

The need for a more comprehensive and adaptive theory of behaviour. Signup and view all the answers

In the COM-B framework, what is the role of psychological capacity?

It enables the formation of symbolic representations of situations. Signup and view all the answers

What type of decision making is associated with the 'voluntary' aspect of motivation in the COM-B framework?

Conscious rational decision making Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between classical conditioning and the COM-B framework?

Classical conditioning focuses on automatic responses, while the COM-B framework considers conscious processes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the antecedent factor in Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment?

The bell (whistle) Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement is illustrated by the gift voucher example?

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of the COM-B framework over social learning theories?

It is more comprehensive and adaptive to different behaviours and contexts. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Genes, Behaviour, and Environment

The module focuses on the science of behavior, human cognition, health-related behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes
It also covers health behavior change, symptom perception, and psychological frameworks for understanding illness-related behaviors

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a learning process in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment
Skinner's (1948) operant conditioning theory:
- Reinforcement strengthens behavior
- Punishment weakens behavior
- Reinforcers differ across individuals (e.g., food, praise)
- Time duration between behavior and consequence/reinforcement affects behavior strength
- Size of reinforcement affects behavior strength
- Patterns of reinforcement affect behavior (e.g., inconsistent reinforcement patterns make it harder to change habitual behavior)
Applications of operant conditioning in medicine and health:
- Encouraging adaptive behaviors (e.g., medication adherence)
- Understanding addiction

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a learning process in which behavior is learned by association
Learning behavior by association:
- Stimulus-response relationships
- UCS (unconditioned stimulus) is naturally occurring and important for survival
- UCR (unconditioned response) is innate and automatic
Pavlov's experiments:
- Bell (whistle) acted as a conditioned stimulus
- Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell with food

Social learning theory: behaviors are acquired by observing significant others carrying them out
Observational learning:
- Attention: observing the model
- Retention: remembering the observed behavior
- Reproduction: imitating the observed behavior
- Motivation: having a reason to imitate the behavior
Vicarious reinforcement study (1965):
- Children learned by observing others receiving reinforcement or punishment
Bandura's (1986) social learning theory:
- We learn by observing others receiving reinforcement or punishment
- Characteristics of the model influence whether the behavior is imitated
- Models with similar characteristics to ourselves or whom we hold in high regard are more likely to influence our behavior

COM-B Model

A comprehensive and adaptive theory of behavior that integrates psychological capacity, motivation, and opportunity
COM-B model:
- Capability: psychological and physical capacity
- Opportunity: factors outside the control of the individual (e.g., social environments)
- Motivation: voluntary (conscious rational decision-making) and involuntary (habits, emotions, impulses)

Quiz and Examples

Quick quiz 1: Pavlov's bell is an example of a conditioned stimulus
Quick quiz 2: Giving pregnant mothers gift vouchers for attending smoking cessation services is an example of operant conditioning
Quick quiz 3: Preventing anticipatory nausea in chemotherapy patients by associating the novel drink with the treatment is an example of classical conditioning

Summary

Classical conditioning: learning by association
Operant conditioning: learning by reinforcement and punishment
Social learning: learning by observation and imitation
Limitations of these theories: ignoring cognitive and emotional processes
Solution: comprehensive and responsive theories like COM-B model

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Description

Test your knowledge on the science of behaviour, human cognition, health-related behaviours, and psychological frameworks for understanding illness-related behaviours in this MBBS103 quiz.