Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key aspect of psychology in medicine that goes beyond common sense?
What is a key aspect of psychology in medicine that goes beyond common sense?
- Diagnosis of symptoms
- Development of treatment plans
- Empirical testing of common-sense views (correct)
- Adoption of the bio-psycho-social model
Which of the following is NOT a reason why psychology matters in medicine?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why psychology matters in medicine?
- It helps in improving adherence to treatment
- It helps in understanding common-sense views (correct)
- It helps in diagnosis
- It helps in negotiating treatment plans
What is a key outcome of adopting the bio-psychosocial model in medicine?
What is a key outcome of adopting the bio-psychosocial model in medicine?
- Development of health behaviour change theories
- Understanding of symptom perception
- Improvement in treatment plans
- Integration of psychological, social and biological factors (correct)
Which of the following is an example of health-related behaviour?
Which of the following is an example of health-related behaviour?
What is a key benefit of understanding psychological frameworks for understanding illness-related behaviours?
What is a key benefit of understanding psychological frameworks for understanding illness-related behaviours?
What is a key aspect of the science of behaviour in healthcare?
What is a key aspect of the science of behaviour in healthcare?
What is the main difference between operant and classical conditioning?
What is the main difference between operant and classical conditioning?
What is the effect of a variable schedule of reinforcement on behaviour?
What is the effect of a variable schedule of reinforcement on behaviour?
Why does reinforcement strengthen behaviour, while punishment only weakens it?
Why does reinforcement strengthen behaviour, while punishment only weakens it?
What is an example of an application of operant conditioning in medicine and health?
What is an example of an application of operant conditioning in medicine and health?
What is the role of antecedents in operant conditioning?
What is the role of antecedents in operant conditioning?
What is the effect of the size of reinforcement on behaviour?
What is the effect of the size of reinforcement on behaviour?
What is the difference between UCS and UCR in classical conditioning?
What is the difference between UCS and UCR in classical conditioning?
How does the time duration between behaviour and consequence affect the behaviour?
How does the time duration between behaviour and consequence affect the behaviour?
What is the primary way that behaviours are acquired according to social learning theory?
What is the primary way that behaviours are acquired according to social learning theory?
What determines whether a model's behaviour is imitated by an observer, according to Bandura's social learning theory?
What determines whether a model's behaviour is imitated by an observer, according to Bandura's social learning theory?
In the vicarious reinforcement study, what happened in Condition 1?
In the vicarious reinforcement study, what happened in Condition 1?
What is a limitation of social learning theory, according to the content?
What is a limitation of social learning theory, according to the content?
According to social learning theory, why might someone start smoking?
According to social learning theory, why might someone start smoking?
What is an example of social learning cited in the content?
What is an example of social learning cited in the content?
According to Bandura's social learning theory, what type of models are more likely to influence an observer's behaviour?
According to Bandura's social learning theory, what type of models are more likely to influence an observer's behaviour?
What is the main idea behind vicarious reinforcement, as demonstrated in the 1965 study?
What is the main idea behind vicarious reinforcement, as demonstrated in the 1965 study?
What type of learning is occurring when chemotherapy patients associate nausea with a novel drink?
What type of learning is occurring when chemotherapy patients associate nausea with a novel drink?
Which of the following best describes the main difference between operant and classical conditioning?
Which of the following best describes the main difference between operant and classical conditioning?
What is a limitation of classical and operant conditioning in understanding behaviour?
What is a limitation of classical and operant conditioning in understanding behaviour?
What is the main focus of the COM-B model?
What is the main focus of the COM-B model?
Which of the following is an example of a health-related behaviour that can be understood through classical conditioning?
Which of the following is an example of a health-related behaviour that can be understood through classical conditioning?
What is the main focus of the chapter by Ogden (2012) on addictive behaviours?
What is the main focus of the chapter by Ogden (2012) on addictive behaviours?
What is the main difference between habituation and instrumental learning?
What is the main difference between habituation and instrumental learning?
What is the main benefit of understanding classical and operant conditioning in health psychology?
What is the main benefit of understanding classical and operant conditioning in health psychology?
What is a limitation of social learning theories?
What is a limitation of social learning theories?
What is the COM-B model designed to address?
What is the COM-B model designed to address?
In the COM-B framework, what is the role of psychological capacity?
In the COM-B framework, what is the role of psychological capacity?
What type of decision making is associated with the 'voluntary' aspect of motivation in the COM-B framework?
What type of decision making is associated with the 'voluntary' aspect of motivation in the COM-B framework?
What is the primary distinction between classical conditioning and the COM-B framework?
What is the primary distinction between classical conditioning and the COM-B framework?
What is the antecedent factor in Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment?
What is the antecedent factor in Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment?
What type of reinforcement is illustrated by the gift voucher example?
What type of reinforcement is illustrated by the gift voucher example?
What is the main advantage of the COM-B framework over social learning theories?
What is the main advantage of the COM-B framework over social learning theories?
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Study Notes
Genes, Behaviour, and Environment
- The module focuses on the science of behavior, human cognition, health-related behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes
- It also covers health behavior change, symptom perception, and psychological frameworks for understanding illness-related behaviors
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning is a learning process in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment
- Skinner's (1948) operant conditioning theory:
- Reinforcement strengthens behavior
- Punishment weakens behavior
- Reinforcers differ across individuals (e.g., food, praise)
- Time duration between behavior and consequence/reinforcement affects behavior strength
- Size of reinforcement affects behavior strength
- Patterns of reinforcement affect behavior (e.g., inconsistent reinforcement patterns make it harder to change habitual behavior)
- Applications of operant conditioning in medicine and health:
- Encouraging adaptive behaviors (e.g., medication adherence)
- Understanding addiction
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is a learning process in which behavior is learned by association
- Learning behavior by association:
- Stimulus-response relationships
- UCS (unconditioned stimulus) is naturally occurring and important for survival
- UCR (unconditioned response) is innate and automatic
- Pavlov's experiments:
- Bell (whistle) acted as a conditioned stimulus
- Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell with food
Social Learning
- Social learning theory: behaviors are acquired by observing significant others carrying them out
- Observational learning:
- Attention: observing the model
- Retention: remembering the observed behavior
- Reproduction: imitating the observed behavior
- Motivation: having a reason to imitate the behavior
- Vicarious reinforcement study (1965):
- Children learned by observing others receiving reinforcement or punishment
- Bandura's (1986) social learning theory:
- We learn by observing others receiving reinforcement or punishment
- Characteristics of the model influence whether the behavior is imitated
- Models with similar characteristics to ourselves or whom we hold in high regard are more likely to influence our behavior
COM-B Model
- A comprehensive and adaptive theory of behavior that integrates psychological capacity, motivation, and opportunity
- COM-B model:
- Capability: psychological and physical capacity
- Opportunity: factors outside the control of the individual (e.g., social environments)
- Motivation: voluntary (conscious rational decision-making) and involuntary (habits, emotions, impulses)
Quiz and Examples
- Quick quiz 1: Pavlov's bell is an example of a conditioned stimulus
- Quick quiz 2: Giving pregnant mothers gift vouchers for attending smoking cessation services is an example of operant conditioning
- Quick quiz 3: Preventing anticipatory nausea in chemotherapy patients by associating the novel drink with the treatment is an example of classical conditioning
Summary
- Classical conditioning: learning by association
- Operant conditioning: learning by reinforcement and punishment
- Social learning: learning by observation and imitation
- Limitations of these theories: ignoring cognitive and emotional processes
- Solution: comprehensive and responsive theories like COM-B model
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