Questions and Answers
What is a key aspect of psychology in medicine that goes beyond common sense?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why psychology matters in medicine?
What is a key outcome of adopting the bio-psychosocial model in medicine?
Which of the following is an example of health-related behaviour?
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What is a key benefit of understanding psychological frameworks for understanding illness-related behaviours?
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What is a key aspect of the science of behaviour in healthcare?
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What is the main difference between operant and classical conditioning?
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What is the effect of a variable schedule of reinforcement on behaviour?
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Why does reinforcement strengthen behaviour, while punishment only weakens it?
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What is an example of an application of operant conditioning in medicine and health?
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What is the role of antecedents in operant conditioning?
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What is the effect of the size of reinforcement on behaviour?
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What is the difference between UCS and UCR in classical conditioning?
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How does the time duration between behaviour and consequence affect the behaviour?
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What is the primary way that behaviours are acquired according to social learning theory?
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What determines whether a model's behaviour is imitated by an observer, according to Bandura's social learning theory?
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In the vicarious reinforcement study, what happened in Condition 1?
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What is a limitation of social learning theory, according to the content?
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According to social learning theory, why might someone start smoking?
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What is an example of social learning cited in the content?
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According to Bandura's social learning theory, what type of models are more likely to influence an observer's behaviour?
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What is the main idea behind vicarious reinforcement, as demonstrated in the 1965 study?
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What type of learning is occurring when chemotherapy patients associate nausea with a novel drink?
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Which of the following best describes the main difference between operant and classical conditioning?
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What is a limitation of classical and operant conditioning in understanding behaviour?
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What is the main focus of the COM-B model?
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Which of the following is an example of a health-related behaviour that can be understood through classical conditioning?
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What is the main focus of the chapter by Ogden (2012) on addictive behaviours?
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What is the main difference between habituation and instrumental learning?
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What is the main benefit of understanding classical and operant conditioning in health psychology?
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What is a limitation of social learning theories?
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What is the COM-B model designed to address?
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In the COM-B framework, what is the role of psychological capacity?
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What type of decision making is associated with the 'voluntary' aspect of motivation in the COM-B framework?
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What is the primary distinction between classical conditioning and the COM-B framework?
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What is the antecedent factor in Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment?
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What type of reinforcement is illustrated by the gift voucher example?
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What is the main advantage of the COM-B framework over social learning theories?
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Study Notes
Genes, Behaviour, and Environment
- The module focuses on the science of behavior, human cognition, health-related behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes
- It also covers health behavior change, symptom perception, and psychological frameworks for understanding illness-related behaviors
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning is a learning process in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment
- Skinner's (1948) operant conditioning theory:
- Reinforcement strengthens behavior
- Punishment weakens behavior
- Reinforcers differ across individuals (e.g., food, praise)
- Time duration between behavior and consequence/reinforcement affects behavior strength
- Size of reinforcement affects behavior strength
- Patterns of reinforcement affect behavior (e.g., inconsistent reinforcement patterns make it harder to change habitual behavior)
- Applications of operant conditioning in medicine and health:
- Encouraging adaptive behaviors (e.g., medication adherence)
- Understanding addiction
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is a learning process in which behavior is learned by association
- Learning behavior by association:
- Stimulus-response relationships
- UCS (unconditioned stimulus) is naturally occurring and important for survival
- UCR (unconditioned response) is innate and automatic
- Pavlov's experiments:
- Bell (whistle) acted as a conditioned stimulus
- Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell with food
Social Learning
- Social learning theory: behaviors are acquired by observing significant others carrying them out
- Observational learning:
- Attention: observing the model
- Retention: remembering the observed behavior
- Reproduction: imitating the observed behavior
- Motivation: having a reason to imitate the behavior
- Vicarious reinforcement study (1965):
- Children learned by observing others receiving reinforcement or punishment
- Bandura's (1986) social learning theory:
- We learn by observing others receiving reinforcement or punishment
- Characteristics of the model influence whether the behavior is imitated
- Models with similar characteristics to ourselves or whom we hold in high regard are more likely to influence our behavior
COM-B Model
- A comprehensive and adaptive theory of behavior that integrates psychological capacity, motivation, and opportunity
- COM-B model:
- Capability: psychological and physical capacity
- Opportunity: factors outside the control of the individual (e.g., social environments)
- Motivation: voluntary (conscious rational decision-making) and involuntary (habits, emotions, impulses)
Quiz and Examples
- Quick quiz 1: Pavlov's bell is an example of a conditioned stimulus
- Quick quiz 2: Giving pregnant mothers gift vouchers for attending smoking cessation services is an example of operant conditioning
- Quick quiz 3: Preventing anticipatory nausea in chemotherapy patients by associating the novel drink with the treatment is an example of classical conditioning
Summary
- Classical conditioning: learning by association
- Operant conditioning: learning by reinforcement and punishment
- Social learning: learning by observation and imitation
- Limitations of these theories: ignoring cognitive and emotional processes
- Solution: comprehensive and responsive theories like COM-B model
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Description
Test your knowledge on the science of behaviour, human cognition, health-related behaviours, and psychological frameworks for understanding illness-related behaviours in this MBBS103 quiz.