MBBS: Anatomy

• MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) encompasses a wide array of subjects spanning pre-clinical, para-clinical, and clinical phases.
• The curriculum is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the human body, disease mechanisms, and clinical management.

Anatomy

• Deals with the structure of the human body.
• Involves gross anatomy (macroscopic structures), microscopic anatomy (histology), developmental anatomy (embryology), and neuroanatomy.
• Gross anatomy includes systemic anatomy (study of organ systems) and regional anatomy (study of specific body regions).
• Histology studies tissues at a microscopic level, understanding their structure and function.
• Embryology traces development from fertilization to birth.
• Neuroanatomy focuses on the structure and organization of the nervous system.
• Key topics include the skeletal system, muscular system, cardiovascular system, nervous system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, and reproductive system.

Physiology

• Focuses on the normal functions of the human body and its systems.
• Includes topics like cell physiology, nerve and muscle physiology, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology, gastrointestinal physiology, endocrine physiology, and renal physiology.
• Cell physiology covers basic cellular functions, membrane transport, and cellular communication.
• Nerve and muscle physiology explains nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.
• Cardiovascular physiology details heart function, blood circulation, and blood pressure regulation.
• Respiratory physiology deals with gas exchange, lung volumes, and respiratory control.
• Gastrointestinal physiology explains digestion, absorption, and motility in the GI tract.
• Endocrine physiology covers hormone synthesis, secretion, and their effects on target organs.
• Renal physiology focuses on kidney function, urine formation, and electrolyte balance.

Biochemistry

• Deals with the chemical processes within the human body.
• Key areas include the study of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids), enzymes, metabolism, and molecular biology.
• Carbohydrate metabolism involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
• Lipid metabolism covers fatty acid synthesis and breakdown.
• Protein metabolism includes amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis.
• Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are studied in terms of their structure, function, and replication.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts, and their function and regulation are key areas of study.
• Molecular biology includes gene expression, regulation, and recombinant DNA technology.

Pathology

• Involves the study of diseases, their causes, mechanisms, and effects on the body.
• Includes general pathology (basic disease processes) and systemic pathology (diseases of specific organ systems).
• General pathology covers inflammation, cellular adaptations, necrosis, apoptosis, and neoplasia.
• Systemic pathology studies diseases of each organ system, such as cardiovascular pathology, respiratory pathology, gastrointestinal pathology, and endocrine pathology.
• Diagnostic pathology includes histopathology, cytopathology, and clinical pathology.

Microbiology

• The study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, and their role in causing diseases.
• Includes bacteriology, virology, mycology, and parasitology.
• Bacteriology focuses on the identification, classification, and pathogenesis of bacteria.
• Virology covers the structure, replication, and diseases caused by viruses.
• Mycology studies fungi and fungal infections.
• Parasitology deals with parasites and parasitic diseases.
• Immunology is a key component, focusing on the body's defense mechanisms against pathogens.

Pharmacology

• Deals with the study of drugs, their mechanisms of action, effects on the body, and clinical uses.
• Includes pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs) and pharmacodynamics (drug effects on the body).
• Covers drug classifications, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and drug interactions.
• Autonomic pharmacology, cardiovascular pharmacology, neuropharmacology, and endocrine pharmacology are important sub-disciplines.
• Understanding drug mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level is essential.

Forensic Medicine

• Applies medical knowledge to legal issues.
• Includes topics like medico-legal aspects of death, injuries, and sexual offenses.
• Deals with forensic pathology (autopsies and cause of death determination), forensic toxicology, and clinical forensic medicine (examination of living individuals).
• Understanding legal procedures and the role of a medical expert in court is important.

Community Medicine

• Focuses on the health of communities and populations rather than individual patients.
• Includes epidemiology, biostatistics, environmental health, and health policy.
• Epidemiology studies the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.
• Biostatistics involves the application of statistical methods to biological and health-related data.
• Environmental health deals with the impact of environmental factors on human health.
• Health policy covers healthcare systems, public health programs, and health regulations.

General Medicine

• Focuses on the diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of diseases in adults.
• Involves a wide range of medical specialties, including cardiology, pulmonology, gastroenterology, nephrology, endocrinology, hematology, and infectious diseases.
• Requires expertise in history taking, physical examination, and interpretation of diagnostic tests.
• Focuses on chronic disease management, preventive medicine, and palliative care.

General Surgery

• Covers surgical procedures and management of diseases through surgical interventions.
• Includes pre-operative, operative, and post-operative care.
• Common surgical specialties include gastrointestinal surgery, vascular surgery, endocrine surgery, and trauma surgery.
• Requires knowledge of surgical techniques, wound healing, and management of surgical complications.

Obstetrics and Gynecology

• Deals with women's health, including pregnancy, childbirth, and diseases of the female reproductive system.
• Obstetrics focuses on prenatal care, labor and delivery, and postpartum care.
• Gynecology covers disorders of the female reproductive tract, including infections, hormonal imbalances, and cancers.
• Understanding reproductive physiology, contraception, and infertility is crucial.

Pediatrics

• Focuses on the health and medical care of infants, children, and adolescents.
• Includes neonatology, pediatric cardiology, pediatric pulmonology, and other pediatric subspecialties.
• Focuses on growth and development, childhood diseases, vaccinations, and nutritional needs of children.

Ophthalmology

• The branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders and diseases of the eye.
• Includes diagnosis and management of vision problems, eye diseases, and surgical procedures related to the eye.

Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)

• Deals with the diagnosis and treatment of conditions related to the ear, nose, and throat.
• Includes management of hearing loss, sinusitis, tonsillitis, and head and neck cancers.

Psychiatry

• Focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.
• Includes psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and other therapeutic interventions.
• Understanding psychological development, psychopathology, and psychiatric disorders is essential.

Orthopedics

• Deals with the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
• Includes diagnosis and treatment of fractures, dislocations, arthritis, and sports injuries.
• Surgical and non-surgical management of musculoskeletal conditions are covered.

Dermatology

• Focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders.
• Includes medical and surgical management of skin diseases, such as eczema, psoriasis, skin cancer, and infections.

Anesthesiology

• Deals with anesthesia and pain management during surgical procedures and other medical interventions.
• Includes pre-operative assessment, intra-operative management, and post-operative pain control.
• Expertise in airway management, hemodynamic monitoring, and critical care is required.

Radiology

• Uses imaging techniques to diagnose and treat diseases.
• Includes X-rays, CT scans, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine.
• Interpretation of radiological images is essential for diagnosis and treatment planning.