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Questions and Answers
What is the main functional unit of the nervous system?
What is the main functional unit of the nervous system?
Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving stimuli from other neurons?
Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving stimuli from other neurons?
Which major division of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
Which major division of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
What is neurolemma?
What is neurolemma?
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Which of the following statements about axons is true?
Which of the following statements about axons is true?
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Which component of a neuron contains the nucleus and organelles?
Which component of a neuron contains the nucleus and organelles?
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What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?
What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?
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Which of the following best describes the organization of the peripheral nervous system?
Which of the following best describes the organization of the peripheral nervous system?
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Which type of neuron has one axon and two or more dendrites?
Which type of neuron has one axon and two or more dendrites?
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Where are bipolar neurons typically found?
Where are bipolar neurons typically found?
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What distinguishes unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons?
What distinguishes unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons?
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What type of neurons are considered to establish relationships among other neurons?
What type of neurons are considered to establish relationships among other neurons?
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What is the primary function of sensory neurons?
What is the primary function of sensory neurons?
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In which part of the CNS do most neuronal perikarya occur?
In which part of the CNS do most neuronal perikarya occur?
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What is the primary effect of Parkinson disease on neurons?
What is the primary effect of Parkinson disease on neurons?
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What is the primary role of the cell body (perikaryon) in a neuron?
What is the primary role of the cell body (perikaryon) in a neuron?
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What occurs at the initial segment of a neuron?
What occurs at the initial segment of a neuron?
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What is primarily absent in axoplasm compared to the cell body?
What is primarily absent in axoplasm compared to the cell body?
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Which protein is responsible for anterograde transport in axonal transport?
Which protein is responsible for anterograde transport in axonal transport?
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What characterizes synaptic transmission between neurons?
What characterizes synaptic transmission between neurons?
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What happens to the peripheral part of an axon if it is severed?
What happens to the peripheral part of an axon if it is severed?
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How do neurotransmitters typically affect postsynaptic neurons?
How do neurotransmitters typically affect postsynaptic neurons?
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What structural feature at the end of an axon facilitates synaptic communication?
What structural feature at the end of an axon facilitates synaptic communication?
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What type of transport carries material taken up by endocytosis back to the cell body?
What type of transport carries material taken up by endocytosis back to the cell body?
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What does the presence of a highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in neurons indicate?
What does the presence of a highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in neurons indicate?
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What is Nissl substance primarily composed of?
What is Nissl substance primarily composed of?
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What is the main function of dendritic spines in neurons?
What is the main function of dendritic spines in neurons?
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How do dendrites differ from axons in their structural characteristics?
How do dendrites differ from axons in their structural characteristics?
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What is the role of the axon hillock in neuron structure?
What is the role of the axon hillock in neuron structure?
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What characterizes the organization of the cytoplasm in the base of dendrites?
What characterizes the organization of the cytoplasm in the base of dendrites?
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What term is often used to describe intermediate filaments in neurons?
What term is often used to describe intermediate filaments in neurons?
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in neurons?
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in neurons?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Histology
- The nervous system is the body's most intricate system, composed of a vast network of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting glial cells.
- Neurons have extensive connections enabling complex information processing and response generation.
- Nerve tissue is distributed throughout the body as an integrated communications network.
- The nervous system has two major divisions: central and peripheral.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord.
- It processes information and directs bodily functions.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The PNS includes cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves.
- It transmits impulses to and from the CNS, categorized into sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) nerves.
- Ganglia (small clusters of nerve cells) are also part of the PNS and are located outside the CNS.
Neurons: Functional Units
- Neurons are the functional units of the CNS and PNS.
- They consist of a cell body (perikaryon), dendrites, and an axon.
- The perikaryon contains the nucleus and most organelles, essential for neuron function.
- Dendrites are branched extensions that receive signals (stimuli) from other neurons.
- Axons are long, slender projections that transmit signals from the cell body to other neurons or effector organs.
Neuron Structure Details
- Cell Body (Perikaryon): Contains the nucleus and most organelles; essential for neuron function.
- Dendrites: Branched extensions that receive signals (stimuli) from other neurons.
- Axon (Axon): A long, slender projection that transmits signals from the cell body to other neurons or effector organs.
- Axon Structure: The axon's plasma membrane is the axolemma. The interior contents are axoplasm.
- **Axon Divisions:**The initial segment of the axon is where signals are summed before transmission. Axons can branch, forming collateral axons that extend to other neurons.
Neuron Classification
- Multipolar Neurons: Most common type; one axon and multiple dendrites.
- Bipolar Neurons: One axon and one dendrite; found in sensory systems.
- Unipolar (Pseudounipolar) Neurons: One process that branches into two extensions; found in sensory pathways.
- Anaxonic Neurons: Many dendrites but no distinct axon; primarily involved in local circuits.
Neuron Functionally Classified
- Motor Neurons: Efferent neurons that transmit signals from the CNS to muscles or glands.
- Sensory Neurons: Afferent neurons that transmit signals from sensory receptors to the CNS.
- Interneurons: Form complex communication networks within the CNS.
Neural Tissues
- Functional neurons comprise the main component of the nervous system.
- Other neural elements, such as the supporting glial cells contribute to the correct function.
Synaptic Communication
- Synapses are junctions between neurons where impulses are transmitted.
- A synapse includes a presynaptic axon terminal (terminal bouton) and a postsynaptic cell membrane.
- Presynaptic terminals release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft to initiate signals across the synapse.
Synapse Types
- Axosomatic synapse: Synapse between axon and cell body.
- Axodendritic synapse: Synapse between axon and dendrite.
- Axoaxonic synapse: Synapse between axon and axon.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the histology of the nervous system, including the structure and function of neurons and glial cells. Understand the division between the central and peripheral nervous systems and the roles they play in the body's communication network. This quiz covers key concepts essential for studying neuroanatomy.
