Matter in Our Surroundings

Matter

They occupy space and have mass

Panch Tatva

Chemical nature

Matter is continuous; matter is made up of particles

Physical properties and chemical nature

To demonstrate that matter is made up of particles

They get into the spaces between particles of water

Kilogram (kg)

1L = 1 dm3

The level of water does not change

To demonstrate the small size of particles of matter

The inference that can be drawn is that matter is made up of particles, which can fit into the spaces between particles of another substance, thus not changing the overall volume.

The underlying concept is that matter is made up of particles that can occupy the spaces between particles of another substance.

The significance is that it provides a standardized unit of measurement, allowing for accurate and consistent results in scientific experiments.

The concept of particles of matter explains the phenomenon of dissolution by suggesting that the particles of the dissolved substance (salt or sugar) occupy the spaces between the particles of the solvent (water), resulting in a homogeneous mixture.

The assumption is that matter is made up of particles that can interact with each other and occupy spaces between particles of another substance.

The particle nature of matter implies that the volume of a substance remains constant when it is dissolved in another substance, as the particles of the dissolved substance occupy the spaces between particles of the solvent.

One school of thought believed matter to be continuous, like a block of wood, whereas the other thought that matter was made up of particles, like sand. The current understanding is that matter is made up of particles.

The five basic elements of ancient Indian philosophers are air, earth, fire, sky, and water, and they believed everything was made up of these elements. This classification differs from modern scientific understanding, which classifies matter based on physical properties and chemical nature.

Matter occupies space and has mass because it is made up of particles that have volume and mass. This relationship is fundamental to the physical nature of matter.

The classification of matter based on physical properties is significant because it helps us understand the physical nature of matter, and it is distinct from the chemical nature of matter, which will be explored in subsequent chapters.

The understanding of matter as being made up of particles helps us understand the physical nature of the world around us, from the air we breathe to the food we eat and the stars in the sky.

The historical development of the understanding of matter, from ancient Indian philosophers to modern scientific understanding, has been influential in shaping our current understanding of matter.

The ancient Indian philosophers classified matter into five basic elements - air, earth, fire, sky and water, whereas modern scientific understanding classifies matter based on its physical properties and chemical nature.

It explains various phenomena like dissolution, where substances seem to vanish yet occupy space and have mass, and helps us understand the physical world around us.

It helps us understand and differentiate between various forms of matter based on their characteristics, such as mass and volume.

The underlying assumption is that matter is made up of particles and occupies space.

The concept of matter being made up of particles helps explain how substances occupy space and have volume.

It has influenced our current understanding of matter, with modern scientists evolving two types of classification of matter based on physical properties and chemical nature.

The concept that matter is made up of particles, which spread throughout the water when dissolved.

The particles of salt or sugar spread throughout the water, occupying the spaces between the particles of water, without changing the overall volume.

It explains how the particles of the dissolved substance spread throughout the solvent, without changing the overall volume.

It helps us understand various natural phenomena, such as dissolution, and how substances interact with each other.

The particles of a substance occupy space, and the volume of a substance is a measure of the amount of space occupied by its particles.

The primary objective is to demonstrate that matter is made up of particles, which explains various natural phenomena, including dissolution.

One school believed matter to be continuous like a block of wood, whereas the other thought that matter was made up of particles like sand. This difference impacts our understanding of matter as it influences our perception of matter's composition and behavior.

The classification of matter based on physical properties supports the concept that matter is made up of particles as it highlights the characteristics of matter that arise from its particle nature. This classification has implications for understanding the behavior of matter in different conditions and its interactions with other substances.

The concept that matter occupies space and has mass is significant as it is a fundamental characteristic of matter. This concept relates to the particle nature of matter as it arises from the arrangement and behavior of particles that make up matter.

The ancient Indian philosophers' classification of matter into five basic elements (Panch Tatva) differs from modern scientific understanding as it is based on a limited and primitive understanding of matter. This difference has implications for our understanding of the nature of matter and its composition.

The physical properties of matter are closely related to its chemical nature, as they are influenced by the arrangement and behavior of particles that make up matter. This relationship influences our understanding of matter as it highlights the complex and interconnected nature of matter.

The understanding of matter as being made up of particles influences our understanding of the world around us as it provides a fundamental framework for understanding the behavior and interactions of substances. This understanding has implications for various fields, including science, technology, and engineering.

The nature of matter is particulate, and the particles of matter are able to occupy the spaces between other particles.

The concept of particles of matter is necessary to understand how salt or sugar can dissolve in water without changing the level of water, as the particles of salt or sugar occupy the spaces between the particles of water.

The understanding of matter as being made up of particles explains why the level of water does not change when salt or sugar is dissolved, as the particles of the solute occupy the spaces between the particles of the solvent.

The underlying assumption is that matter is made up of small particles that can occupy spaces between other particles.

The concept of particles of matter explains that the particles of salt or sugar are able to spread throughout the water because they can occupy the spaces between the particles of water.

The use of the SI unit of volume (litre) provides a standardized and precise way of measuring the volume of water, allowing for accurate observations and comparisons.

The colour of the solution becomes lighter, but it is still visible even after repeated dilution.

The smell of the incense stick can only be detected when you are close to it.

The smell of the incense stick can be detected even when you are sitting at a distance.

The particles of matter are very small and are continually moving.

Particles of matter have space between them.

Because the particles of matter are very small and are continually moving.

It shows that there is enough space between particles of matter.

The ink drop remains at the surface of the water.

The colour of the crystal spreads slowly upwards from the crystal.

It suggests that the particles of solid and liquid have space between them and are in continuous motion.

Yes, the rate of mixing increases with temperature.

Particles of matter have space between them and are in continuous motion.

The colour of the solution becomes lighter but remains visible, even after several dilutions.

The smell of Dettol can be detected even after repeated dilutions.

The particles of sugar or salt spread throughout the water because they have space between them and can occupy the spaces between the water particles.

The particles of matter are very small, continuously moving, and can occupy space between other particles.

The smell of the incense can only be detected when you are close to it.

The particles of matter are very small, continuously moving, and can occupy space between other particles.

It shows that there is enough space between particles of matter.

The colour of ink spreads slowly.

It takes several hours or days.

A colourful solution forms around the crystal.

The colour spreads throughout the water.

Yes, the rate of mixing is faster in hot water.

The particles of potassium permanganate are very small, with millions of tiny particles present in just one crystal.

The smell of the incense stick can be detected even from a distance when it is lit.

The experiment shows that particles of matter are very small and can divide into even smaller particles, and that they can spread evenly throughout a substance.

The particles of the incense stick are able to move and spread throughout the air, allowing the smell to be detected from a close distance.

The particles of matter are extremely small and can divide into even smaller particles that can spread evenly throughout a substance.

It suggests that the particles of salt or sugar are able to fit into the spaces between the particles of water.

To observe how particles of one substance can occupy the spaces between particles of another substance.

That particles of solid and liquid have spaces between them and can intermingle.

The rate of mixing increases with temperature.

Matter is composed of particles that have spaces between them and can occupy the spaces between other particles.

That particles of one substance can occupy the spaces between particles of another substance.

It helps us understand the behaviour of matter in various situations, such as dissolution.

The primary mechanism is the ability of particles to move freely and occupy the space between other particles, which is a characteristic of particles of matter.

The particles of solid and liquid are in continuous motion, even when the mixture appears to be at rest, and the rate of mixing is affected by temperature.

The observations demonstrate that particles of matter have space between them, allowing particles of one substance to move into the spaces between particles of another substance.

The concept explains various phenomena, such as the ability of substances to mix, dissolve, and change state, and is essential to understanding the world around us.

The activities demonstrate that particles of matter occupy space and have mass by showing that substances can mix and change state without losing their volume or mass.

The underlying concept is the kinetic molecular theory, which states that particles of matter are in continuous motion and have space between them.

It shows that particles of matter are extremely small and can divide into even smaller particles, with millions of tiny particles present in just one crystal of potassium permanganate.

It shows that particles of matter are in continuous motion, as the smell of the incense stick can be detected at a distance even before it is lit.

The particles are extremely small, as a tiny amount of potassium permanganate can colour a large volume of water.

Particles of matter have space between them, as demonstrated by the even distribution of particles in water.

Matter is composed of extremely small particles that are in continuous motion and have space between them.

The particles of solid and liquid are able to mix and spread evenly, suggesting that they have space between them and are in continuous motion.

The experiment shows that even a few crystals of potassium permanganate can colour a large volume of water, indicating that there are millions of tiny particles in just one crystal, which keep dividing themselves into smaller and smaller particles.

The repeated dilution of the solutions suggests that particles of matter are very small and can be divided into even smaller parts, which is evident from the fact that the colour and smell of the solutions are still detectable even after repeated dilution.

The incense stick experiment demonstrates that particles of matter are in continuous motion, which is evident from the fact that the smell of the incense stick can be detected even at a distance when it is lit.

The observation suggests that the particles of matter are extremely small and numerous, and can be divided into smaller parts, which is evident from the fact that the colour of the solution is still visible even after repeated dilution.

The experiment suggests that particles of matter are in continuous motion, which is evident from the fact that the smell of the incense stick can be detected even at a distance when it is lit.

The underlying concept is that particles of matter are extremely small and numerous, and can be divided into smaller parts, which allows the solution to remain coloured even after repeated dilution.

The particles of matter have spaces between them and are in constant motion.

The particles of solid and liquid have space between them and are in constant motion.

Particles of matter have space between them and are in constant motion.

The particles of solid and liquid have space between them and are in constant motion.

The particles of solid and liquid have space between them and are in constant motion.

Particles of matter have space between them and are in constant motion.

the force of attraction

Chair, air, almonds, lemon water

Because the particles of the smell are moving faster and spreading out

The ability of matter to occupy space and have mass

They are held together by a force of attraction

Because the particles of the substance are moving and spreading out to occupy the spaces between the particles of the other substance

The kinetic energy of particles increases.

Diffusion is the intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own, and it becomes faster when heated.

Particles of matter have a force acting between them.

Diffusion occurs, and the particles intermix.

Because of the force acting between the particles of water.

Because of the strength of the force acting between the particles (hands, arms, or fingers) holding each other.

The kinetic energy of particles increases as the temperature rises.

Diffusion

Particles of matter have force acting between them.

Diffusion occurs.

The force acting between the particles of water.

As the temperature increases, particles move faster and hence diffusion becomes faster.

The force of attraction between particles of matter.

Chair, air, almonds, lemon water

Because of the property of matter that particles can occupy space and have mass.

The particles mix and spread out.

Because the particles of hot sizzling food are moving rapidly and spreading out, while the particles of cold food are moving slowly and staying close together.

They occupy space and have mass.

The primary reason behind the intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is the kinetic energy of particles, which increases with temperature, allowing particles to move faster and get into the spaces between particles.

The force acting between particles is responsible for the particles of matter intermixing and holding together.

As the temperature rises, the kinetic energy of particles also increases, causing particles to move faster.

The particles of matter have a force acting between them, which allows them to hold together and resist breaking.

The surface of water remains together due to the force acting between particles of water, which holds them together.

The concept of particles of matter is significant in understanding the phenomenon of diffusion because it explains how particles intermix and move faster with increased temperature.

The underlying force that holds the particles of matter together is the intermolecular force of attraction. The strength of this force varies from one kind of matter to another.

The particles of hot sizzling food have more kinetic energy, allowing them to spread faster and farther, reaching you from a distance. In contrast, the particles of cold food have less kinetic energy, limiting their spread.

The observation demonstrates the property of fluidity or the ability of matter to flow.

The particles of matter are attracted to each other, have kinetic energy that increases with temperature, and can flow and change shape (in the case of fluids).

The particles of matter gain kinetic energy and move faster when heated, revealing that they have the ability to absorb and respond to energy.

The particles of matter occupy space and have volume, and their movement and arrangement affect the overall volume of the substance.

Particles move faster as the temperature rises.

Diffusion

Particles gain energy and move faster, allowing them to intermix more quickly.

Particles of matter have force acting between them.

The force acting between particles of water holds it together.

Particles of matter have force acting between them.

The primary force responsible for holding particles of matter together is the force of attraction, and its strength varies among different kinds of matter.

The human chain activity relates to the concept of particles of matter by demonstrating how particles can be attracted to each other, and it suggests that the force acting between particles is strong enough to hold them together.

The observation suggests that particles of matter are in constant motion and can spread out over a larger distance when heated, allowing the smell to reach farther.

The ability of a diver to cut through water demonstrates that particles of matter have space between them and can be displaced by an object, showing that matter is made up of particles with spaces between them.

The experiments and activities suggest that particles of matter are in constant motion, have space between them, and are attracted to each other, demonstrating that matter is made up of particles with these characteristics.

The observation suggests that particles of matter can mix and intermingle with each other, but the total amount of matter remains the same, demonstrating the concept of volume.

The increase in kinetic energy of particles as the temperature rises is due to the increase in the speed of particles

The force acting between particles of matter is strong enough to hold them together

Particles of matter intermix on their own with each other due to their kinetic energy and the spaces between them

The observation that particles of matter intermix on their own with each other suggests that particles of different substances can mix and form a homogeneous mixture

The concept of particles of matter explains diffusion by suggesting that particles of different substances can move and get into the spaces between each other, resulting in intermixing

The kinetic energy of particles increases with an increase in temperature

The force that holds the particles of matter together is the force of attraction, and its strength varies from one kind of matter to another.

The particles of hot sizzling food are moving rapidly and are able to travel longer distances, whereas the particles of cold food are moving slowly and are unable to travel as far.

The characteristic of particles of matter demonstrated by the diver's ability to cut through water is that they have space between them.

The repeated dilution experiment demonstrates that matter is composed of tiny particles that can be dispersed and still maintain their properties.

The primary mechanism is the kinetic energy of the particles, which allows them to move and spread out.

The particles of matter occupy space and have volume, and the volume of a substance is related to the arrangement of its particles.

solid, liquid and gas

definite shape, distinct boundaries, fixed volume, and negligible compressibility

because they have a definite shape and distinct boundaries

it breaks

a solid has a fixed volume and cannot be compressed, while a sponge can be compressed because it has minute holes with trapped air

it helps us understand the characteristics of matter around us

Solids are rigid and maintain their shape, whereas liquids take the shape of their container.

They are solids because they return to their original shape when the force is removed.

Liquids have no fixed shape but have a fixed volume.

The liquid flows easily and takes the shape of the new container.

They diffuse and dissolve in water, making them available for aquatic life.

The substance must be in a liquid or gaseous state.

Solids are rigid and difficult to change their shape.

Liquids are not rigid and take up the shape of the container they are kept in.

solid, liquid, and gas

Solids are rigid and maintain their shape, whereas liquids are not rigid and take up the shape of their container.

definite shape, distinct boundaries, and fixed volume

The liquid flows easily and takes up the shape of the new container.

Gases, especially oxygen and carbon dioxide, are essential for the survival of aquatic animals and plants.

it does not change its volume

it helps us understand the different states of matter

Solids can be compressed, but they regain their shape when the force is removed.

it maintains its shape or breaks if excessive force is applied

due to the characteristics of their particles

Liquids have no fixed shape but have a fixed volume.

Because they regain their original shape when the force is removed.

They are essential for the survival of aquatic animals and plants.

It flows easily and takes the shape of the new container.

They are rigid but can change shape under force.

Because they take up the shape of the container in which they are kept.

Solids have a definite shape, distinct boundaries and a fixed volume, with negligible compressibility.

The shape of the solid is maintained, but it can be broken or deformed if excessive force is applied.

Solid, liquid, and gas.

Particles of matter occupy space and have mass, and can be compressed to expel trapped air.

Solids have a definite shape, distinct boundaries and a fixed volume, with negligible compressibility.

Particles of matter occupy space, have mass, and can be compressed or deformed, but maintain their shape when subjected to outside force.

The fundamental characteristic is that solids are rigid and maintain their shape, while liquids take the shape of their container. Solids like rubber bands, sugar, and salt can change shape under force, but they regain their original shape when the force is removed.

The experiments demonstrate that liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container, and this implies that particles in liquids are able to flow and change shape easily.

Diffusion is the intermixing of particles of two different types of matter, and it suggests that particles of matter are able to mix and spread out. The experiments with gases in water demonstrate this process and highlight the importance of diffusion for the survival of aquatic animals and plants.

The experiments demonstrate that all three states of matter occupy space and have mass, and this implies that particles of matter have mass and occupy space. This concept is fundamental in understanding the nature of matter.

The classification of matter based on physical properties is related to the chemical nature of matter, as the physical properties are determined by the chemical composition of matter. The experiments illustrate this relationship by demonstrating how the physical properties of matter are influenced by its chemical composition.

The implications are that matter can change its state depending on the conditions, and the experiments demonstrate this concept by showing how solids can change shape, liquids can flow, and gases can diffuse.

Solids have a tendency to maintain their shape when subjected to outside force due to their negligible compressibility, which means they cannot be compressed into a smaller volume.

Solids have a definite shape and fixed volume, whereas liquids have a fixed volume but no fixed shape. This difference is due to the arrangement of particles in solids, which are closely packed and have strong attractive forces, whereas particles in liquids are more spaced out and have weaker attractive forces.

The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas, which arise due to the variation in the characteristics of particles, such as their arrangement, movement, and attractive forces. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids have a fixed volume but no fixed shape, and gases have neither a fixed shape nor volume.

The minute holes in a sponge allow it to compress because air is trapped in these holes, and when pressure is applied, the air is expelled, enabling the sponge to compress. This phenomenon reveals that the particles in the sponge are not closely packed, allowing for the presence of air pockets.

The underlying reason behind the ability of solids to maintain their shape is the strong attractive forces between their particles, which are closely packed and have a fixed arrangement. This arrangement and movement of particles enable solids to resist changes in shape.

The characteristics of particles in solids, liquids, and gases, such as their arrangement, movement, and attractive forces, influence the properties of these three states of matter. These characteristics are responsible for the differences in shape, volume, and compressibility between solids, liquids, and gases, and are essential to understanding various natural phenomena and everyday experiences.

Solids have a fixed shape, distinct boundaries, and a fixed volume, which is due to the negligible compressibility of their particles. This characteristic enables them to maintain their shape when subjected to outside forces.

The particles of a solid respond to changes in temperature or pressure by maintaining their arrangement and shape, but with slight changes in their vibration or oscillation. This response is significant in understanding the properties of solids, such as their rigidity and fixed volume.

The fundamental difference between the behavior of particles in a solid and a liquid is the arrangement and movement of particles. In a solid, particles are closely packed and have a fixed arrangement, while in a liquid, particles are close together but have some freedom of movement. This difference influences the properties of these two states of matter, such as shape, volume, and compressibility.

The experiments with sugar and salt crystals illustrate the properties of solids, such as their fixed shape and volume, and demonstrate that the particles of a solid maintain their arrangement even when subjected to external forces. These experiments reveal that the particles of a solid are closely packed and have a fixed arrangement, which is responsible for their rigidity and fixed volume.

The observation that a sponge can be compressed is significant because it reveals that the particles of a solid can be compressed, but only to a certain extent. This observation relates to the properties of solids and liquids, as it highlights the difference between the compressibility of solids and liquids.

The properties of solids, liquids, and gases arise from the characteristics of their particles, such as their arrangement, movement, and interaction. Solids have a fixed shape and volume due to the closely packed and fixed arrangement of their particles, while liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container due to the close but movable arrangement of their particles. Gases have neither a fixed shape nor volume due to the freely moving and widely spaced arrangement of their particles. This understanding has implications for our daily lives, as it influences our understanding of the behavior of materials and their applications.

Solids maintain their shape due to the rigid arrangement of their particles. Rubber bands, sugar, and salt exhibit this characteristic despite being able to change shape under force, as they regain their original shape when the force is removed.

Solids have a fixed shape and volume, whereas liquids take the shape of their container and have a fixed volume. Solids have a rigid arrangement of particles, whereas liquids have particles that can flow and change shape.

Gases diffuse into liquids, and oxygen and carbon dioxide are essential for the survival of aquatic animals and plants.

The shape of a substance can change, but its volume remains constant. Liquids take the shape of their container, demonstrating that their volume remains constant.

The experiment shows that liquids take the shape of their container and have a fixed volume, demonstrating their fluidity and non-rigidity.

The arrangement of particles is the underlying characteristic that allows solids, liquids, and gases to exhibit distinct properties, such as shape and volume.

Due to the high speed of particles and large space between them.

The force exerted by gas particles per unit area on the walls of the container.

The high speed of particles and large space between them.

The motion of the particles can be seen and compared in the three states of matter.

Due to the high speed of particles and large space between them.

The property of diffusing very fast into other gases.

The high compressibility of gases is due to the fact that particles in the gaseous state have greater space between each other and move freely, allowing them to be compressed into a smaller volume.

The smell of cooking food reaches us from a distance because particles of the smell can move freely in the air and spread out, carrying the scent to our nostrils.

Compressed gases, such as LPG and CNG, are significant because they allow for the transportation of large volumes of gas in a small cylinder, making them convenient for use in cooking and as fuel.

The primary difference between the arrangement of particles in the solid and liquid states is that particles in the solid state are closely packed and have less space between each other, whereas particles in the liquid state have more space between each other and move freely.

The experiment with the syringes and pistons suggests that gases are highly compressible, whereas solids and liquids are not, indicating that the arrangement of particles in these states is significantly different.

Gases are able to spread out and fill their containers because their particles have greater space between each other and move freely, allowing them to expand and fill the available space.

Gases are highly compressible because particles in the gaseous state have more space between each other and move freely, allowing them to be compressed to a smaller volume.

The particles of the smell of hot sizzling food are able to move more freely and quickly, allowing them to reach us from a distance, whereas the particles of the smell of cold food are slower and more restricted in their movement.

The large number of balloons can be filled from a single cylinder of gas because gases are highly compressible, allowing a large volume of gas to be compressed into a small cylinder.

The experiment shows that gases are highly compressible, whereas liquids and solids are not, demonstrating the unique properties of each state of matter.

It is possible to transport large volumes of gas in a small cylinder because gases are highly compressible, allowing them to be compressed into a small volume.

The movement of particles is related to the state of matter, with particles in the gaseous state moving freely and quickly, particles in the liquid state moving more slowly, and particles in the solid state moving very slowly or not at all.

The high speed of particles and large space between them in the gaseous state.

Pressure

Due to the high speed of particles of the aroma of food and the large space between them, allowing them to diffuse rapidly into the air.

Random movement at high speed

The motion of the particles can be compared in the three states of matter.

It demonstrates the property of gases to diffuse rapidly into other gases.

The reason behind the ability of gases to be highly compressible is that their particles have a lot of space between them, allowing them to be compressed into a small cylinder. This property makes them useful in our daily lives because large volumes of a gas can be compressed into a small cylinder and transported easily, as seen in LPG cylinders and oxygen cylinders.

From the liquid state, we can infer that the particles move freely and have greater space between each other as compared to particles in the solid state. This is in contrast to the solid state, where particles have less space between them and are more closely packed.

The significance of the smell of the incense stick being able to reach us from a distance is that it suggests that particles of matter are in constant motion, allowing them to spread out and travel long distances.

The compressibility of gases allows for the transportation of large volumes of gas by compressing them into small cylinders. Examples of this include LPG cylinders, oxygen cylinders, and CNG cylinders.

The characteristic of gases that allows them to fill their containers is that they are able to spread out and occupy the entire volume of the container. This differs from solids and liquids, which maintain their shape and volume.

The experiment with the three syringes demonstrates the compressibility of gases, liquids, and solids, showing that gases are highly compressible, liquids are less compressible, and solids are the least compressible.

The high speed of gas particles and the large space between them, allowing for fast diffusion into other gases.

Due to the random movement of particles, they collide with each other and the walls of the container.

In solids, particles vibrate in place, in liquids, particles slide past each other, and in gases, particles move randomly and rapidly.

The pressure exerted by a gas is due to the force exerted by the gas particles per unit area on the walls of the container.

The particles of the substance get into the spaces between the particles of the other substance.

It demonstrates the property of gases to diffuse very fast into other gases, due to the high speed of particles and large space between them.

High compressibility of gases due to greater space between particles and their free movement.

Through the movement of particles of the smell from the kitchen to our nostrils.

It demonstrates the high compressibility of gases compared to solids and liquids.

Due to their high compressibility, large volumes of gas can be compressed into a small cylinder, making them easy to transport.

High compressibility of gases, which allows large volumes of gas to be stored in a small cylinder.

The movement of particles of the smell from the kitchen to our nostrils, allowing us to detect the smell.

The primary reason behind the fast diffusion of gases is due to the high speed of particles and the large space between them. This allows the particles to move about randomly at high speed, resulting in rapid diffusion.

The pressure exerted by a gas on the walls of its container is due to the force exerted by the gas particles per unit area on the walls of the container, which is a result of the random movement of particles hitting the container walls.

The experiment involving the smell of hot cooked food suggests that particles in the gaseous state are highly mobile and can travel quickly over long distances, allowing the smell to reach us rapidly.

The motion of particles in the three states of matter differ in terms of speed and arrangement. Solid particles are closely packed and vibrate in place, liquid particles have some freedom to move but are still closely packed, and gas particles have a high degree of freedom and move rapidly. This suggests that particles in each state have unique properties and arrangements.

The observation that the smell of hot sizzling food reaches us quickly, but the smell of cold food does not, suggests that the temperature of a substance affects the mobility of its particles, with hotter particles moving more rapidly.

The random movement of particles in the gaseous state implies that the particles are highly dispersed and have a large amount of space between them, allowing for rapid diffusion and mixing.

density

air, exhaust from chimneys, cotton, chalk, honey, water, iron

The particles gain kinetic energy and begin to move more rapidly, causing the substance to change state.

Ice is less dense than liquid water, so it floats on top.

The particles gain kinetic energy and begin to move more rapidly, allowing them to slide past one another and change from a fixed position to a more random arrangement.

Gases have the ability to expand and fill their containers because their particles are not closely packed and are free to move.

During a change of state, the particles of matter gain or lose energy, resulting in a change in their arrangement and motion. This change occurs when the particles gain or lose kinetic energy, causing a phase transition.

Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids because the particles are closely packed in solids, resulting in a higher mass per unit volume. However, in the case of ice and water, the hydrogen bonds between water molecules cause ice to have a lower density than water, resulting in ice floating on water.

The reason is that the particles of air are widely spaced and have a lot of empty space between them, allowing for easy movement. In contrast, the particles of a solid block of wood are closely packed, making it difficult to move through it.

The reason is that the particles of a gas are widely spaced and have a lot of kinetic energy, causing them to move rapidly and fill the entire container.

A gas exerts pressure on the walls of its container because the particles of the gas are in constant motion, colliding with the walls of the container and exerting a force on them.

The characteristic of a solid that allows it to maintain its shape is its rigidity, which is due to the strong attractive forces between its particles.

In a solid, particles are closely packed and have a fixed position, resulting in a rigid shape and definite volume. In a liquid, particles have some freedom to move past each other, resulting in a fixed volume but a variable shape. In a gas, particles are widely spaced and have complete freedom of motion, resulting in a variable shape and volume. These arrangements affect their properties such as rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, and shape.

Solids have a fixed shape and volume because their particles are closely packed and have a fixed position. Liquids have a fixed volume because their particles are close together but can slide past each other, resulting in a variable shape. Gases have a variable shape and volume because their particles are widely spaced and have complete freedom of motion.

During a change of state, the particles of matter gain or lose kinetic energy, resulting in a change in their motion and arrangement. For example, when ice melts to water, the particles gain kinetic energy and start moving more rapidly, resulting in a change from a solid to a liquid state.

A gas exerts pressure on the walls of its container because its particles are in constant motion, hitting the walls and transferring their kinetic energy. The faster the particles move, the greater the pressure exerted.

Liquids generally have lower density than solids because their particles are closer together in a solid state. However, in the case of water, the molecules in the solid state (ice) are arranged in a way that creates empty spaces, making ice less dense than liquid water, which is why it floats.

When a substance changes from a solid to a liquid to a gas, its density generally decreases. This happens because the particles gain kinetic energy and move farther apart, resulting in a decrease in density.

The reason is that the particles of the substance change their arrangement and motion, resulting in a change in density. In a solid, particles are closely packed, making it dense. In a liquid, particles have more space to move, reducing density. In a gas, particles are widely spaced, resulting in a significant decrease in density.

A gas fills completely the vessel because its particles have high kinetic energy, causing them to move rapidly and spread out to occupy the entire container. The particles then collide with the walls of the container, exerting pressure.

During the change of state, the particles gain kinetic energy and start moving faster, allowing them to overcome the attractive forces between them. As the particles gain energy, they transition from a solid to a liquid to a gas. The change of state takes place when the particles gain sufficient energy to break free from their fixed positions.

Ice floats on water because its density is lower than that of water. This is due to the unique arrangement of water molecules in ice, which creates empty spaces within the crystal structure, making it less dense than liquid water.

As the temperature of particles increases, their kinetic energy also increases, causing them to move faster and spread out. Conversely, a decrease in temperature leads to a decrease in kinetic energy, resulting in slower movement and increased closeness of particles.

The characteristic of particles in the gaseous state that allows them to hit each other and the walls of the container is their rapid motion and high kinetic energy.

The kinetic energy of the particles increases.

The melting point of the solid.

Fusion.

The particles gain sufficient energy to break free from the surface and turn into vapor.

Latent heat of vaporization.

It is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between its particles.

Particles in steam have more energy than water at the same temperature due to the extra energy absorbed as latent heat of vaporization.

The state of matter can be changed into another state by changing the temperature.

The boiling point of water is 373 K.

The substance undergoes a phase transition.

It is the energy absorbed by particles in steam to change from liquid to gas state.

Latent heat of vaporization

Because the heat energy is used to change the state of the substance, rather than increasing its temperature

Boiling point

Particles gain energy and start moving faster, breaking free from the forces of attraction between them

The heat energy is absorbed or released as the particles change state

Latent heat of fusion

Latent heat of fusion

373 K (100oC)

Latent heat of vaporisation

The heat energy is used to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles, and is considered as latent heat.

It is the temperature at which a solid starts changing into a liquid at atmospheric pressure.

As the temperature of particles increases, their kinetic energy also increases.

melting point

latent heat of vaporization

latent heat of fusion

fusion

373.15 K

The kinetic energy of particles increases.

Particles in steam have more energy than water at the same temperature because they have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of vaporization.

Because the heat energy is used to change the state of the substance, and not to change its temperature.

The latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid, while the latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas.

It is the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas.

The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid, while the boiling point is the temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to gas.

The state of matter changes with a change in temperature, and latent heat is the energy required to change the state of matter without changing the temperature.

The latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid, while the latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas. Both are phase transitions that occur at constant temperature.

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from liquid to gas, and it is related to the latent heat of vaporization, which is the energy required for this phase transition.

The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid, and it is related to the latent heat of fusion, which is the energy required for this phase transition.

Phase transitions, such as melting and boiling, illustrate the concept of latent heat, which is the energy required to change the state of matter without changing the temperature. This reveals that matter can exist in different states, and that energy is required to change between these states.

Latent heat

The boiling point, which is the temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at atmospheric pressure, is significant because it is the temperature at which particles have enough energy to break free from the forces of attraction of each other.

The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid, while the boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas. These temperatures represent the points at which the particles of a substance gain enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them.

The term used to describe the energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point is the latent heat of fusion. This energy is significant because it represents the energy required to overcome the forces of attraction between particles in a solid.

The term used to describe the energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point is the latent heat of vaporization. This energy is significant because it represents the energy required to overcome the forces of attraction between particles in a liquid.

During a phase transition, the temperature of a substance remains constant, despite the continued supply of heat. This occurs because the heat energy is used to overcome the forces of attraction between particles, rather than increasing the kinetic energy of the particles.

The minimum temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid is called the melting point, and it is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between the particles of the substance.

As the temperature rises during a phase transition, the kinetic energy of particles increases, and the particles start vibrating with greater speed, eventually breaking free from their fixed positions and turning into a liquid. The latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change the state of a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point, and it is used to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles.

The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid, while the boiling point is the temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to gas. The latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change the state of a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point, while the latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change the state of a substance from liquid to gas at its boiling point.

The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas, and it is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between the particles of the substance. The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change the state of a substance from liquid to gas at its boiling point, and it is used to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles.

The latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change the state of a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point, and it is related to the kinetic energy of particles. As the temperature rises during a phase transition, the kinetic energy of particles increases, and the particles start vibrating with greater speed, eventually breaking free from their fixed positions and turning into a liquid.

The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change the state of a substance from liquid to gas at its boiling point, and it is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between the particles of the substance. The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas, and it is an important physical property that is used to identify and characterize substances.

Latent heat of vaporization is the extra energy absorbed by particles in steam to change the state of matter from liquid to gas.

The temperature of a substance remains constant during a phase transition because the energy absorbed is used to change the state of matter, not to change the temperature.

The melting point of a substance is related to the latent heat of fusion, which is the energy required to change the state of matter from solid to liquid.

The latent heat of fusion affects the melting point of a substance by determining the amount of energy required to change the state of matter from solid to liquid.

The boiling point is the temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to gas, and it is related to the latent heat of vaporization.

The heat energy supplied during the phase transition gets used up in changing the state of the substance, overcoming the forces of attraction between particles, and is known as the latent heat. It is absorbed or released without a change in temperature.

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it starts changing into a gas at atmospheric pressure, and it is the point where the particles have enough energy to break free from the forces of attraction of each other.

The latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point, and it implies that the particles have more energy at the melting point, which is used to overcome the forces of attraction between particles.

The latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid, while the latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change a substance from a liquid to a gas, and they relate to the phase transitions of a substance by being the energy required to overcome the forces of attraction between particles during these transitions.

The temperature of a substance remains constant during a phase transition, and the heat energy supplied is used to overcome the forces of attraction between particles, which is known as the latent heat.

The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point, and it is the energy required to overcome the forces of attraction between particles during boiling.

The primary reason is that the energy supplied is used to overcome the intermolecular forces, resulting in a phase transition. This energy is known as latent heat. The temperature remains constant because the energy is being used to change the state of the substance rather than increasing its temperature.

The latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid at a constant temperature and pressure. The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change a substance from a liquid to a gas at a constant temperature and pressure. Both are important in understanding phase transitions.

The melting point is the minimum temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric pressure. It is an indication of the strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles of the substance.

Boiling is the process of a liquid changing to a gas at a constant temperature and pressure. Heat energy is supplied, increasing the kinetic energy of the particles, which leads to an increase in the motion of the particles, resulting in the change of state.

As the temperature of a substance increases, the kinetic energy of the particles increases, leading to an increase in the motion of the particles. This increase in motion can lead to a phase transition.

Phase transitions are changes of state from solid to liquid or liquid to gas. The energy changes involved include the latent heat of fusion and the latent heat of vaporization, which are the energies required to change the state of a substance.

The fundamental reason is that particles in steam have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of vaporization, which allows them to change their state from liquid to gas.

The latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change the state of a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point, and it implies that the kinetic energy of the particles increases during this process.

The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change the state of a substance from liquid to gas at its boiling point, and it is significant because it allows the substance to change its state without a change in temperature.

The underlying mechanism behind phase transitions is the change in kinetic energy of particles, which requires the absorption or release of energy in the form of latent heat of fusion or vaporization.

The temperature of a substance remains constant during a phase transition because the energy absorbed or released is used to change the state of the substance, rather than to increase its temperature, and latent heat plays a crucial role in this process.

The melting point of a substance is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between its particles. It is the minimum temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric pressure.

During a phase transition, the kinetic energy of particles remains constant, but the heat energy is used to overcome the forces of attraction between particles. This is known as the latent heat of fusion.

The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at atmospheric pressure, while the melting point is the temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric pressure. Both are characteristic properties of a substance and relate to phase transitions.

The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change the state of a substance from liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure, without changing its temperature. It is related to the boiling point of a substance, which is the temperature at which a liquid starts boiling.

During a phase transition, the kinetic energy of particles increases as the temperature rises. This increase in kinetic energy is significant because it allows particles to overcome the forces of attraction between them and change from one state to another.

The melting point and boiling point of a substance are both characteristic properties that relate to phase transitions. The melting point is the temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid, while the boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid starts boiling to become a gas.

Latent heat is the energy required to change the state of a substance without a change in temperature. It is used to overcome the forces of attraction between particles, allowing them to change from one state to another.

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it starts boiling at atmospheric pressure. At this temperature, particles have enough energy to break free from the forces of attraction and change into the vapour state.

The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid into vapour at its boiling point. It reveals that particles in a liquid have sufficient energy to break free from the forces of attraction and change into the vapour state at the boiling point.

The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from solid to liquid. It is related to the strength of the intermolecular forces between particles, as particles need to overcome these forces to change from solid to liquid.

Phase transitions, such as melting and boiling, illustrate the concept of latent heat by showing that energy is required to change the state of a substance without a change in temperature. This reveals that particles have sufficient energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them and change from one state to another.

The latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at its melting point. It is related to the kinetic energy of particles, as particles need to have sufficient energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them and change from solid to liquid.

The heat energy supplied during the melting of a solid is used to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles, and is known as the latent heat of fusion.

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which a liquid changes state to a gas at atmospheric pressure, and the heat energy required for this phase transition is known as the latent heat of vaporization.

The melting point of a substance is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between its particles.

During a phase transition from solid to liquid, the particles of a substance gain kinetic energy and start moving more freely, and the heat energy supplied is used to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles.

The temperature remaining constant during a phase transition indicates that the heat energy supplied is being used to change the state of the substance, and the latent heat is the energy required for this phase transition.

The process of melting, or fusion, is a phase transition from solid to liquid, and it is an indication of the properties of a substance, such as its melting point and the strength of the force of attraction between its particles.

The term is known as the latent heat of fusion, and it is significant because it is the energy required to overcome the forces of attraction between particles during a phase transition from solid to liquid.

A liquid starts boiling at 373 K (100°C) at atmospheric pressure, and this temperature is known as the boiling point. The significance of this temperature is that it is the point at which particles in the liquid have enough energy to break free from the forces of attraction between each other and change into the vapour state.

The energy required is known as the latent heat of vaporization, and it is significant because it is the energy required to overcome the forces of attraction between particles during a phase transition from liquid to gas.

The term is known as the melting point, and it is significant because it is the temperature at which particles in the solid have enough energy to break free from the forces of attraction between each other and change into the liquid state.

The temperature of the system remains constant during a phase transition, even though heat is continuously supplied, because the heat energy is used to overcome the forces of attraction between particles and change the state of the substance.

The concept of latent heat is significant because it represents the energy required to overcome the forces of attraction between particles during a phase transition, and it relates to the boiling point and melting point of a substance as the temperatures at which these phase transitions occur.

Latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point, without a change in temperature. During phase transition, this energy is absorbed or released, resulting in a constant temperature.

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from a liquid to a gas, and the latent heat of vaporization is the energy required for this phase transition. As the temperature increases, the particles gain energy, leading to a change of state from liquid to gas.

During phase transitions, the latent heat is absorbed or released, resulting in a constant temperature. This energy is used to change the kinetic energy of particles, allowing them to change state from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas.

The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid, while the boiling point is the temperature at which it changes from a liquid to a gas. Both points involve phase transitions, with energy being absorbed or released as particles change state.

The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required for a substance to change from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point. This energy is used to increase the kinetic energy of particles, allowing them to escape the surface tension of the liquid and transition to a gas.

The melting point of a substance is the minimum temperature at which it melts, and it is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between its particles.

The temperature of a substance remains constant during a phase transition, and it is because the heat energy is being used to overcome the intermolecular forces, rather than to increase the kinetic energy of the particles.

The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change a substance from the liquid to the gaseous state, and it is related to the boiling point of a substance.

The process of fusion is the change of a substance from the solid to the liquid state, and it requires the absorption of latent heat of fusion, which is the energy required to overcome the intermolecular forces.

As the temperature of a substance increases, the kinetic energy of its particles increases, allowing them to overcome the intermolecular forces and change their state.

The particle nature of matter is the idea that matter is composed of tiny particles that occupy space and have mass, and this concept is related to the three states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) because it determines their properties.

Studying the properties of different states of matter helps us understand the behavior of substances in different conditions, and has implications for our everyday experiences, such as cooking, transportation, and storage of materials.

The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid into a gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point. It is the energy that gets absorbed by the liquid during a phase transition, causing the temperature to remain constant.

During a phase transition, the particles of a substance gain or lose energy, causing them to change their state from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas. This energy is absorbed or released as latent heat, and the temperature remains constant.

The latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into a liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point, whereas the latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid into a gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it starts melting at atmospheric pressure, and the latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into a liquid at this temperature.

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it starts boiling at atmospheric pressure, and the latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid into a gas at this temperature.

The temperature of a substance remains constant during a phase transition, as the energy is absorbed or released as latent heat, causing the state of the substance to change.

The concept of latent heat is significant in understanding phase transitions, as it explains the energy required to change the state of a substance, and how the temperature remains constant during this process.

The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes state to a gas. It is significant because it is the temperature at which a substance absorbs the latent heat of vaporization to change state.

Particles in steam have more energy than water at the same temperature because they have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of vaporization.

The latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change the state of a substance from solid to liquid. At the melting point, the energy of particles in the solid and liquid states is the same.

The energy of particles in a substance determines its state of matter. As energy increases, the state of matter changes from solid to liquid to gas. Latent heat of fusion and vaporization is required for these changes of state.

Phase transitions require the absorption or release of latent heat, which is the energy required to change the state of a substance. This relationship is fundamental to our understanding of the behavior of matter.

During a phase transition, the temperature of a substance remains constant, and latent heat is absorbed or released.

The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change the state of water to steam, and this energy is evident in the difference in energy between particles in steam and water at the same temperature.

Phase transitions are dependent on the concept of latent heat, and this relationship is fundamental to our understanding of the behavior of matter.

The latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change the state of a substance from solid to liquid. At the melting point, the energy of particles in the solid and liquid states is the same.

sublimation

deposition

It can liquefy gases

It changes directly from solid to gas without coming into liquid state when the pressure is reduced to 1 atmosphere.

pressure and temperature

The difference in the distances between the constituent particles determines the various states of matter.

They are brought closer together

A substance can change directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state.

They determine whether a substance will be solid, liquid, or gas.

Sublimation, Deposition

Pressure and temperature determine whether a substance will be solid, liquid or gas.

Solid carbon dioxide, it can change directly into gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere without coming into liquid state.

It demonstrates sublimation and the effect of pressure and temperature on the state of a substance.

The difference in distances between the constituent particles determines whether a substance is solid, liquid, or gas.

Applying pressure can change a gas to liquid, and decreasing pressure can change a solid to gas.

Reducing temperature can change a gas to liquid, and applying pressure and reducing temperature can change a gas to solid.

It shows that matter can change state depending on pressure and temperature.

It shows camphor changing directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state.

A change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state is called sublimation.

Applying pressure can bring particles close together, resulting in a change of state from gas to liquid or solid.

Sublimation is the direct change of a solid to a gas, while deposition is the direct change of a gas to a solid.

The CO2 changes directly from a solid to a gas when the pressure is decreased to 1 atmosphere, without going through the liquid phase.

Pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance.

It changes directly from a solid to a gas when the pressure is decreased to 1 atmosphere, without going through the liquid phase.

The particles are brought closer together.

It demonstrates that a substance can change directly from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase, depending on the pressure and temperature.

The camphor experiment demonstrates the process of sublimation, which is the reverse of deposition.

Sublimation

Deposition

Pressure and temperature

Because it changes directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere.

The state of the substance, whether it will be solid, liquid, or gas.

Liquefaction of the gas

It demonstrates the concept of sublimation and deposition.

The state of a substance is determined by the distances between its constituent particles.

The difference in distances between the constituent particles of a substance.

evaporation

Water slowly changes into vapour, and wet clothes dry up.

Because evaporation is a surface phenomenon.

It is because the energy is used in changing the state, not in changing the temperature.

Having higher kinetic energy.

It enables evaporation to occur at any temperature below the boiling point.

Increasing the surface area increases the evaporation rate.

Evaporation.

Because more particles are exposed to the air, allowing more to escape.

More particles gain enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state.

The rate of evaporation decreases.

The particles of water vapour move away with the wind, decreasing the amount of water vapour in the surrounding.

Increasing the surface area of a liquid can increase the rate of evaporation.

They absorb energy from the surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation.

The particles of liquid are exposed to more air, allowing them to evaporate more quickly.

Increasing wind speed increases the rate of evaporation.

The temperature of the liquid decreases.

The increase in temperature allows more particles to gain enough kinetic energy to evaporate.

With the increase of temperature, more particles get enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state, thus increasing the rate of evaporation.

If the amount of water vapour in the air is already high, the rate of evaporation decreases.

evaporation

With the increase in wind speed, the particles of water vapour move away with the wind, decreasing the amount of water vapour in the surrounding, which increases the rate of evaporation.

because evaporation is a surface phenomenon

particles with higher kinetic energy break away from the forces of attraction of other particles and get converted into vapour

The particles of the liquid absorb energy from the surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation.

Increasing the surface area of a liquid increases its evaporation rate.

evaporation

Because a larger surface area provides more opportunities for particles to escape into the vapour state.

particles gain kinetic energy as the temperature increases

The temperature of the surroundings decreases during evaporation.

because the heat energy is used to overcome the forces of attraction between particles

to convert the gases into a liquid state

Evaporation causes cooling.

The rate of evaporation decreases on a rainy day due to the high humidity in the air.

water is in a liquid state at temperatures between 0°C and 100°C, and a gas state at temperatures above 100°C

yes, through evaporation

Water is in the gaseous state at 250°C because it has enough kinetic energy to overcome the forces of attraction between particles, and it remains in that state because the temperature is above its boiling point.

Evaporation occurs when particles at the surface of a liquid, having higher kinetic energy, break away from the forces of attraction of other particles and get converted into vapour, even below the boiling point.

The particles of water at the surface, having higher kinetic energy, break away from the forces of attraction of other particles and get converted into vapour, resulting in evaporation.

The rate of evaporation increases on a windy day because the wind increases the surface area of the liquid and facilitates the removal of particles that have broken away from the surface, resulting in faster drying.

The particles of the food being cooked have enough kinetic energy to break away from the surface and spread into the air, carrying the smell to a distance.

The temperature of a substance remains constant during a change of state because the heat energy is used to overcome the forces of attraction between particles, rather than increasing the kinetic energy of the particles.

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from a liquid to a gas, and it is related to the concept of latent heat of vaporization, which is the energy required to change the state of a substance from a liquid to a gas.

Increasing the surface area of a liquid increases the rate of evaporation because it provides more particles at the surface with the opportunity to break away and get converted into vapour.

The rate of evaporation decreases when the air is more humid because the air is already saturated with particles, making it more difficult for particles to break away from the surface and get converted into vapour.

As the temperature increases, more particles gain enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state, resulting in an increase in the rate of evaporation.

An increase in wind speed increases the rate of evaporation by blowing away the water vapour molecules from the surface of the liquid, allowing more particles to evaporate.

An increase in humidity decreases the rate of evaporation because the air is already saturated with water vapour, making it more difficult for particles to evaporate.

An increase in surface area increases the rate of evaporation by providing more space for particles to evaporate from.

Energy is required to break the intermolecular forces between particles, allowing them to gain enough kinetic energy to evaporate.

Evaporation causes a decrease in temperature because the particles that evaporate take away heat energy from the surrounding, cooling it down.

Observing the rate of evaporation on a rainy day versus a sunny day helps to understand the effect of humidity on evaporation.

Recording the room temperature helps to understand the effect of temperature on evaporation and to control for any variations in temperature that may affect the results.

Comparing the rate of evaporation in an open vessel versus a closed container helps to understand the effect of surface area and wind speed on evaporation.

The primary reason is that a small fraction of particles at the surface of the liquid have higher kinetic energy and are able to break away from the forces of attraction of other particles, getting converted into vapour.

Latent heat is the energy required to change the state of a substance without changing its temperature, and it is significant because it relates to the energy required to overcome the forces of attraction between particles during phase transitions.

The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in the surface area of a liquid, as more particles are exposed to the surroundings and can break away from the forces of attraction.

As the kinetic energy of particles increases, the particles gain enough energy to break away from the forces of attraction and change their state from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas.

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the particles have enough kinetic energy to break away from the forces of attraction and change their state from liquid to gas.

Evaporation occurs when the particles of water at the surface of the cloth have enough kinetic energy to break away from the forces of attraction and change into vapour, and the process is driven by the kinetic energy of the particles.

As the temperature of a substance increases, the kinetic energy of the particles increases, allowing them to break away from the forces of attraction and change their state.

The latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change the state of a substance from liquid to gas at the boiling point, and it is significant because it relates to the energy required to overcome the forces of attraction between particles during boiling.

The rate of evaporation decreases with an increase in humidity, as the air is already saturated with water vapour, making it more difficult for the liquid to evaporate.

As temperature increases, more particles gain enough kinetic energy to change into the vapour state, resulting in a higher rate of evaporation.

An increase in surface area increases the rate of evaporation, as more particles are exposed to the air, allowing them to escape into the vapour state more easily.

Increased wind speed facilitates the removal of particles that have escaped into the vapour state, allowing for a faster rate of evaporation.

A decrease in humidity allows for a faster rate of evaporation, as the air has a lower concentration of water vapour, enabling more particles to escape into the vapour state.

The observation that clothes dry faster on a windy day suggests that wind speed increases the rate of evaporation, which is further aided by the lower humidity on a windy day.

The design of Activity 1.1 allows for the observation of the effects of temperature, surface area, and wind velocity on evaporation, demonstrating that these factors can influence the rate of evaporation.

The observation that the rate of evaporation decreases in a humid environment implies that the air has a limited capacity to hold water vapour, and when this capacity is reached, evaporation slows down.

The concept of evaporation demonstrates that particles have kinetic energy, and that this energy can be increased or decreased, affecting the rate of evaporation.

The observation that the particles of a liquid absorb energy from the surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation suggests that the energy required for evaporation is absorbed from the surroundings, and that this energy is related to the concept of latent heat.

Gas

The heat energy is used to overcome the intermolecular forces, rather than raising the temperature.

Through the escape of high-energy particles from the surface of the liquid.

The rate of evaporation increases.

High-energy particles escape from the surface into the air.

Evaporation of water from the surface of the clothing.

Evaporation.

More particles have enough energy to escape the surface.

It helps in drying and removal of excess moisture.

The primary reason is that the wind speed increases the rate of evaporation by moving away the particles of water vapour from the surrounding, resulting in a decrease in the amount of water vapour in the air. This allows more particles to evaporate, thus drying the clothes faster.

The increase in temperature provides more kinetic energy to the particles, allowing more particles to gain enough energy to transition into the vapour state, resulting in an increase in the rate of evaporation. The underlying principle is that the kinetic energy of particles increases with temperature, enabling more particles to evaporate.

The rate of evaporation decreases with an increase in humidity because the air is already saturated with water vapour, leaving less room for more particles to evaporate. The air's capacity to hold water vapour is limited at a given temperature, and when this capacity is exceeded, the rate of evaporation decreases.

The increase in surface area of a liquid provides more particles with the opportunity to evaporate, resulting in an increase in the rate of evaporation. The underlying principle is that the rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the surface area of the liquid.

The experiment reveals the significance of temperature, humidity, and wind speed in affecting the rate of evaporation. It demonstrates that these factors can either enhance or hinder the evaporation process.

Evaporation leads to cooling because the particles that evaporate absorb energy from the surrounding, resulting in a decrease in temperature. This is an example of energy transfer, where the energy is transferred from the surroundings to the particles during evaporation.

The concept of particles of matter explains evaporation as the transition of particles from a liquid to a gas state, driven by the gain of kinetic energy. The underlying principle is that the particles in a liquid are in constant motion, and when they gain enough energy, they can break free and evaporate.

The rate of evaporation has significant implications in everyday life, such as drying of clothes, evaporation of sweat, and the water cycle. It affects our daily experiences, from the way we wash and dry our clothes to the way we regulate our body temperature.

The concept of evaporation is closely related to the laws of thermodynamics, particularly the first law, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted. It also relates to the kinetic molecular theory, which explains the motion of particles and their energies.

The heat energy equal to the latent heat of vaporisation is absorbed from the body, leaving the body cool.

The water vapour present in air, on coming in contact with the cold glass of water, loses energy and gets converted to liquid state, which we see as water droplets.

The large latent heat of vaporisation of water helps to cool the hot surface.

Cotton, being a good absorber of water, helps in absorbing the sweat and exposing it to the atmosphere for easy evaporation, thus keeping the body cool.

The particles gain energy from the palm or surroundings and evaporate, causing the palm to feel cool.

The evaporation of water from the wet pads of the cooler increases the cooling effect due to the latent heat of vaporisation.

The water kept in the earthen pot gets cooled due to the evaporation of water from the pot, which absorbs heat from the surroundings, thus cooling the water.

The heat energy equal to the latent heat of vaporisation is absorbed from the body, leaving the body cool.

The heat energy is used to change the state of the substance, rather than increasing its temperature.

The particles of acetone gain energy from the surroundings and evaporate, absorbing heat energy from the palm and causing it to cool.

Cotton is a good absorber of sweat, which helps in absorbing the sweat and exposing it to the atmosphere for easy evaporation, thereby keeping the body cool.

The water vapour present in the air loses energy and gets converted to liquid state when it comes in contact with the cold glass, resulting in water droplets on the outer surface of the glass.

The evaporation of water from the wetted cooling pads of the desert cooler absorbs heat energy from the surroundings, cooling the air.

The evaporation of water from the earthen pot absorbs heat energy from the surroundings, cooling the water inside the pot.

The latent heat of vaporisation is the heat energy absorbed from the body or surroundings to change the liquid into vapour, resulting in cooling of the surface.

An increase in surface area provides more area for evaporation to occur, resulting in an increase in the rate of evaporation.