Mathematical Logic: Statements and Validity

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following sentences is a statement?

  • Close the door.
  • The square root of 9 is 3. (correct)
  • x - 5 = 10.
  • What a beautiful day!

Identify the compound statment

  • The book is old.
  • The car is blue.
  • The flower is red.
  • The cat is black and the dog is white. (correct)

Which logical connective represents 'if and only if'?

  • (correct)

Which logical connective is used to represent 'and'?

<p>∧ (B)</p>
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The statement 'It is not the case that today is both sunny and cold' can be represented symbolically as?

<p>¬(S ∧ C) (B)</p>
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What is the symbolic representation of 'If it rains, then the game is canceled'?

<p>R → C (B)</p>
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Given the propositions P: 'The cat is sleeping' and Q: 'The dog is barking', how would you represent 'The cat is sleeping or the dog is not barking'?

<p>P ∨ ¬Q (B)</p>
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Which of the following correctly expresses “P only if Q”?

<p>P → Q (C)</p>
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Which of the following is the converse of the statement 'If it is raining, then the ground is wet'?

<p>If the ground is wet, then it is raining. (A)</p>
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Given P represents 'It is raining' and Q represents 'I will take an umbrella,' which expression symbolizes 'If it is not raining, then I will not take an umbrella'?

<p>$\neg P \rightarrow \neg Q$ (A)</p>
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Let A = 'The sun is shining' and B = 'The birds are singing'. What is the symbolic representation of 'The sun is not shining, but the birds are singing'?

<p>$\neg A \land B$ (C)</p>
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If P represents 'The cake is chocolate' and Q represents 'The frosting is vanilla', how would you symbolically write 'Either the cake is chocolate, or the frosting is vanilla, but not both'?

<p>$(P \lor Q) \land \neg (P \land Q)$ (C)</p>
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Consider P: 'I exercise daily' and Q: 'I feel healthy'. Which statement corresponds to $P \leftrightarrow Q$?

<p>I exercise daily if and only if I feel healthy. (B)</p>
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Given the statement 'If it snows, then school is canceled,' which of the following is its contrapositive?

<p>If school is not canceled, then it does not snow. (D)</p>
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Let 'p' represent 'The printer is out of paper,' and 'q' represent 'The printer is not working'. How would you express 'The printer is not out of paper and is working' symbolically?

<p>$\neg p \land \neg q$ (B)</p>
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Which of the following is logically equivalent to $P \rightarrow Q$?

<p>$\neg Q \rightarrow \neg P$ (A)</p>
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If statement A is 'The car is red' and statement B is 'The car is fast', how would you represent 'The car is red or the car is not fast'?

<p>$A \lor \neg B$ (C)</p>
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Given the propositions P: 'The computer is on' and Q: 'The internet is down', express 'The computer is on unless the internet is down' symbolically.

<p>$P \lor Q$ (C)</p>
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If P symbolizes 'The train is late' and Q symbolizes 'I will miss my appointment', how would you represent 'If the train is late, then I will miss my appointment, and the train is late'?

<p>$(P \rightarrow Q) \land P$ (C)</p>
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Which of the expressions below accurately symbolizes: 'You can access the network only if you have a valid password'?

<p>Access the network $\rightarrow$ Have a valid password (A)</p>
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Suppose X is 'The flowers are blooming' and Y is 'The bees are buzzing'. Choose the symbolic form best representing 'The flowers are blooming unless the bees are not buzzing'.

<p>$X \lor \neg Y$ (B)</p>
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Let P be 'The code compiles' and Q be 'The program runs'. Select the symbolic representation that matches 'The code compiles, or if the program doesn’t run, then the code doesn't compile'.

<p>$P \lor (\neg Q \rightarrow \neg P)$ (C)</p>
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Given: R = 'The road is icy', D = 'Driving is dangerous.' Express 'The road is not icy if and only if driving is not dangerous' in symbolic form.

<p>$\neg R \leftrightarrow \neg D$ (D)</p>
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If 'm' stands for 'Maria sings' and 'j' stands for 'John dances', how is 'Maria sings if John dances' written symbolically?

<p>$j \rightarrow m$ (A)</p>
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Given 'r' represents 'The report is finished' and 's' represents 'The presentation is ready,' how would you symbolize 'The report is not finished unless the presentation is ready'?

<p>$\neg r \lor s$ (C)</p>
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Let C = 'The sky is cloudy' and R = 'It is raining.' Select the symbolic form representing: 'If the sky is cloudy, then it is raining, but it is not raining'.

<p>$(C \rightarrow R) \land \neg R$ (A)</p>
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Flashcards

What is a statement?

A declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both.

What is an open sentence?

A sentence containing variables whose truth depends on the values of the variables.

What is a paradox?

A statement that contradicts itself.

What is a simple proposition?

Expresses a single idea.

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What is a compound proposition?

Combines two or more simple propositions.

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What are logical connectives?

Connects propositions into complex statements.

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What is Negation (¬)?

True if P is false, and false if P is true.

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What is Conjunction (∧)?

True only if both P and Q are true.

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What is Disjunction (∨)?

True if either P or Q or both are true. False only if both P and Q are false.

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What is Conditional (→)?

False only if P is true and Q is false; otherwise, it is true.

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What is Biconditional (↔)?

True if both P and Q have the same truth value.

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What is symbolic notation in logic?

Propositions are represented by uppercase letters; connectives by symbols.

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What is Logical Equivalence?

Two propositions with the same truth table.

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What is a Tautology?

A proposition that is always true.

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What is a Contradiction?

A proposition that is always false.

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What is a Contingency?

A proposition that is neither a tautology nor a contradiction.

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What does the logical operator 'V' (disjunction) represent?

Represents 'or' in a logical statement, true if either or both operands are true.

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What does the biconditional operator '↔' represent?

Represents 'if and only if'; true when both statements have the same truth value.

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Study Notes

  • In a statement, "or" is represented by the logical operator ∨ (disjunction).
    • Therefore, "I will study or I will watch TV" becomes s ∨ t given "s" represents "I will study" and "t" represents "I will watch TV".
  • The symbolic form of the statement "I am happy if and only if I eat ice cream" is h ↔ i, given "h" represents "I am happy" and "i" represents "I eat ice cream".

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