Mathematical Induction Basics

Mathematical Induction

• Mathematical induction is a method to prove statements dependent on a variable n.
• The technique involves two main steps:
  • Base Case: Verify the statement for n=1, ensuring P(1) is true.
  • Inductive Step: Assume the statement is true for n=k (P(k) is true), and prove it for n=k+1 (P(k + 1) is true).

Example Proof of Summation

• Objective: Prove the formula for the sum of the first n natural numbers:
  • (\sum_{i=1}^{n} i = \frac{n(n + 1)}{2})
• Base Case: For n=1, the left-hand side equals 1 and the right-hand side equals (\frac{1(2)}{2} = 1), confirming P(1) is true.
• Inductive Step:
  • Assume for n=k: (S_k = \frac{k(k + 1)}{2})
  • Show for n=k+1: (S_{k+1} = S_k + (k + 1))
  • Thus, (S_{k+1} = \frac{k(k + 1)}{2} + (k + 1) = \frac{(k + 1)(k + 2)}{2}), proving P(k+1) is true.

Concepts from the Kurdish Realism in Literature

• Contemporary Kurdish literature portrays:
  • The struggle of the Kurdish people
  • Their resistance and hardships
• Focuses on eliminating:
  • Poverty
  • Feudalism
• Realistic literature critiques the regression in Kurdish society and motivates the pursuit of progress.
• Distinction between two types of Kurdish realism:
  • Critique Realists: Emphasize past struggles, critique present issues, and express a desire for a robust future.
  • Social Realists: May glorify the past while addressing contemporary challenges.

Social Justice in Literature

• Advocacy for secured societal rights and equality.
• Promotes the concept of social justice, aiming for equal opportunity for all citizens.
• Fundamental rights include:
  • Freedom
  • Education
  • Healthcare
  • Equality and justice