Math 11 Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is statistics?

The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze and draw conclusions from data.

What constitutes a population in research?

All subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied.

What is a census?

Collection of data from every member of the population.

Define a sample.

A subgroup of the population. Signup and view all the answers

What is a statistic?

A number computed from sample data. Signup and view all the answers

What is a parameter?

A number that describes the population. Signup and view all the answers

What does qualitative data represent?

Categorical data that records which group or category an individual belongs to. Signup and view all the answers

Define quantitative data.

Numerical data that allows arithmetic operations like adding and averaging. Signup and view all the answers

What is quantitative discrete data?

Data where the number of possible values can be counted. Signup and view all the answers

Define quantitative continuous data.

Data that results from infinitely many possible values corresponding to some continuous scale. Signup and view all the answers

What is nominal data?

Data classified into mutually exclusive, exhaustive categories with no order. Signup and view all the answers

Define ordinal data.

Data classified into categories that can be ranked but do not have precise differences. Signup and view all the answers

What does interval data measure?

It ranks data with precise differences, but lacks a meaningful zero. Signup and view all the answers

Define ratio data.

Data that has all the characteristics of interval measurement and includes a true zero. Signup and view all the answers

What is a random sample?

A sample drawn such that each member of the population has the same chance of being selected. Signup and view all the answers

Define simple random sampling.

A method where every possible sample of the same size has an equal chance of being chosen. Signup and view all the answers

What is stratified sampling?

Dividing the population into groups (strata) and then taking a separate sample from each stratum. Signup and view all the answers

Explain systematic sampling.

Selecting a member randomly from the first k units and then every kth member thereafter. Signup and view all the answers

What is cluster sampling?

Dividing the population into groups (clusters) and randomly selecting clusters and all members within. Signup and view all the answers

Define convenience sampling.

A sampling method that uses results that are easy to get. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Statistics

The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.
Distinguishes between inferential statistics (making predictions) and descriptive statistics (summarizing data).

Population

Represents all subjects under study, such as US citizens or students from Reedley College.

Census

The collection of data from every member of the population, ensuring complete coverage.

Sample

A subgroup of the population, exemplified by CA residents or females at Reedley College.

Statistic

A computed number derived from sample data, denoted with symbols like X for sample mean and S for sample standard deviation.

Parameter

A number characterizing the population, such as M for population mean and σ for population standard deviation.

Qualitative Data

Categorical data that identifies group membership or characteristics, like hair color, eye color, or race.

Quantitative Data

Numerical data suitable for arithmetic operations, representing measurable quantities like height, weight, or age.

Quantitative Discrete

Results from countable values, exemplified by the number of customers visiting a Starbucks in a day.

Quantitative Continuous

Data arising from infinitely many possible values, such as weight (e.g., 3.2 lbs, 4.97 kg) or height (e.g., 5.5 ft, 10.21 m).

Nominal Level

Classifies data into distinct, non-overlapping categories without any intrinsic ordering, such as hair color (brown, blonde, black).

Ordinal Level

Categorizes data that can be ranked but lacks precise differences between ranks, such as social status (upper, middle, lower).

Interval Level

Ranks data with meaningful differences between measurements but no true zero, exemplified by temperature or historical timelines.

Ratio Level

Contains characteristics of interval measurement with a true zero, allowing for true ratios, like weight (0 lbs, 20 lbs).

Random Sampling

Ensures each population member has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

Simple Random Sampling

A sampling method where every possible sample of a specified size has the same chance of selection.

Stratified Sampling

Involves dividing the population into strata (subgroups) and randomly selecting samples from each stratum to ensure representation (e.g., by major).

Systematic Sampling

Selects samples based on a fixed interval after a random starting point, such as picking every 10th item on an assembly line.

Cluster Sampling

The population is divided into clusters, and a random selection of whole clusters is sampled, including all members of those clusters.

Convenience Sampling

Relies on easy-to-access data or participants for sample collection, like stopping every 5th driver at a checkpoint.

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Description

Explore key concepts in statistics with these flashcards from Math 11 Chapter 1. Each card presents essential terminology and definitions that will enhance your understanding of data collection, population studies, and census methodologies. Perfect for revision and self-testing!