Maternal Newborn ATI Study Guide

Types include condoms and diaphragms.
A diaphragm requires fitting every 2 years.
Refitting is necessary after weight gain of 15 pounds, a full-term pregnancy, or a second-term abortion.
Spermicide must be used with diaphragms for each act of intercourse.
A diaphragm should remain in place for 6 hours post-intercourse.

Side effects include chest pain, shortness of breath (SOB), leg pain (indicating potential clot), headaches, eye issues, and hypertension.
Risks involve blood clots, leading to strokes or pulmonary embolisms, and hypertension.
Smokers should avoid hormonal contraceptives due to increased risks.
Contraindications include a history of blood clots, strokes, cardiac issues, breast or estrogen-related cancers, and being a smoker.

Depo-Provera is an injectable progestin that may decrease bone mineral density; clients should intake adequate calcium and vitamin D.
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) can increase the risk for pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine perforation, and ectopic pregnancies.
IUD users should monitor for increased string length, foul-smelling discharge, pain during intercourse, fever, or chills.

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of trying.
Initial workup for infertility includes sperm analysis for males followed by tests for females if necessary.
Allergies to iodine or seafood need to be checked before tests with dye.

Presumptive signs include amenorrhea, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, urinary frequency, breast changes, and quickening.
Probable signs consist of abdominal enlargement, softening of the uterus (Hegar sign), bluish coloration of the cervix (Chadwick's sign), and fetal movements felt by an examiner.
Positive signs are definitive, including hearing fetal heart sounds or seeing the baby via ultrasound.

Recommended weight gain is 25-35 pounds for normal weight women, 15-25 pounds for overweight women, and 28-40 pounds for underweight women.
In the first trimester, weight gain should not exceed 2-4 pounds.
From the second trimester, a weight gain of about 1 pound per week is expected.
Extra caloric intake during pregnancy is 340 calories per day in the second trimester and 450 calories per day in the third.
Lactating mothers require an additional 300-400 calories per day.
Folic acid is vital for preventing neural tube defects; sources include dark green leafy vegetables and orange juice.

Biophysical profile (BPP) scores fetal health from 0-10 based on heart rate, breathing, movements, tone, and amniotic fluid volume.
Nonstress tests measure fetal heart rate response to movement; a reactive result indicates healthy fetal well-being.
Contraction stress tests check fetal heart rate during contractions for late decelerations, potentially indicating distress.

Amniocentesis (14 weeks) and chorionic villus sampling (10-12 weeks) are tests for genetic abnormalities.
Ectopic pregnancies involve implantation outside the uterus, often presenting with unilateral pain.
Molar pregnancies result in abnormal proliferation of placental tissue, characterized by dark brown bleeding.
Placenta previa can cause painless bright red bleeding during the second or third trimester.
Abruptio placenta indicates premature separation of the placenta, leading to painful bleeding and serious complications.

Hyperemesis gravidarum involves excessive nausea and vomiting; treatment may include IV fluids and antiemetics.
Gestational diabetes screening occurs between 24-28 weeks, beginning with a glucose tolerance test that requires fasting for the second test.
Gestational hypertension arises from vasospasms, presenting with high blood pressure without urinary protein.
Pre-eclampsia includes high blood pressure and proteinuria, while severe cases manifest with additional symptoms like hyperreflexia and vision changes.

Characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet counts, HELLP syndrome is a serious condition in pregnancy potentially leading to critical health issues.