Materials Science and Engineering Finals
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Questions and Answers

What process involves heating and slowly cooling to relieve stresses in metals?

  • Hardening
  • Normalizing
  • Tempering
  • Stress Relieving (correct)

    • Which heat treatment process increases hardness through rapid cooling?

  • Hardening (correct)
  • Normalizing
  • Annealing
  • Tempering

    • Which of the following is NOT a method of surface hardening?

  • Nitriding
  • Tempering (correct)
  • Cyaniding
  • Carburizing

    • What is the primary purpose of aging in materials science?

    <p>To enhance yield strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pottery is characterized by being low-fired, porous, and coarse?

    <p>Earthenware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sintering in the context of ceramics?

    <p>Firing ceramic components to fuse them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thermal degradation primarily associated with?

    <p>Molecular chain scission at elevated temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is made from kaolin and minerals?

    <p>Porcelain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metals is particularly prone to corrosion?

    <p>Ferrous Metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher concentrations of corrosive substances can have what effect?

    <p>Either increase or decrease corrosion rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the half-cell in an electrochemical cell?

    <p>To contribute to reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of steel is influenced by carbon concentration?

    <p>Mechanical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the resistance to degradation from thermal effects?

    <p>Thermal stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of steel contains more than 0.60 wt.% carbon and is known for its strength?

    <p>High-Carbon Steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property describes the ability to be shaped without breaking?

    <p>Ductility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'electromotive force' (EMF) measure?

    <p>Voltage indicating oxidation tendencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of titanium alloys?

    <p>Tensile strength reaching up to 1400 MPa at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about noble metals?

    <p>They are expensive metals with oxidation resistance properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves mechanically deforming hot metal using blows or squeezing?

    <p>Forging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Closed die forging is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Force applied to die halves for metal deformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT a type of casting?

    <p>Cold rolling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important characteristic of zirconium alloys?

    <p>Excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does chain scission refer to?

    <p>Molecular chains severed by ozone, causing degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common property of ceramics?

    <p>They exhibit corrosion resistance and stable structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes polycrystalline ceramics?

    <p>They consist of multiple crystal grains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is slip casting primarily used for in ceramics?

    <p>To shape ceramic masses by pouring clay into molds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the compaction of powders into geometric forms?

    <p>Powder pressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anode in an electrochemical cell?

    <p>It is where oxidation takes place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of polymer consists of identical repeating units?

    <p>Homopolymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of material degradation over time?

    <p>Impairment of material properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hydroplastic forming primarily used for?

    <p>Extruding mass shapes from clay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily defines synthetic polymers?

    <p>They are man-made with superior properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of thermosets?

    <p>They have strong covalent crosslinks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of copolymer involves identical units in clusters?

    <p>Block Copolymer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the term 'viscoelastic deformation'?

    <p>Behavior between elastic and viscous materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ozone on vulcanized rubbers?

    <p>It causes degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of semi-crystalline polymers?

    <p>They are always brittle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of monomer has two active bonds for polymerization?

    <p>Bifunctional Monomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the term 'crazing' in polymer materials?

    <p>Localized deformation leading to increased ductility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'relaxation modulus' describe?

    <p>The time-dependent modulus of elasticity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polymer type can be remolded upon heating?

    <p>Thermoplastic Polymer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy barrier that limits the slowest reaction step?

    <p>Activation Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are spherulites in polymer materials equivalent to?

    <p>Grains in metals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule?

    <p>Molecular Shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon results from reduced ductility due to the penetration of hydrogen?

    <p>Hydrogen embrittlement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy is used to reduce corrosion on metals?

    <p>Oxide film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the variation in lengths of polymer chains during synthesis?

    <p>Chain Length Distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of polymer has three active bonds forming networks?

    <p>Trifunctional Monomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Materials Science and Engineering Finals

    • Corrosion: Destructive electrochemical attack on metals.
    • Oxidation: Loss of electrons from a metal atom.
    • Reduction: Gain of electrons by a species.
    • Galvanic Couple: Two metals connected in an electrolyte causing corrosion.
    • Reference Electrode: Used to compare metal half-cells.
    • Standard Hydrogen Electrode: Reference electrode using hydrogen gas at 1 atm.
    • Electrode Potential: Voltage indicating a tendency to oxidize or reduce.
    • Electrochemical Mechanism: Processes governing oxidation and reduction reactions.
    • Corrosion Prevention: Strategies to mitigate material degradation.
    • Metal Oxidation Rate: Speed at which metals corrode in environments.
    • Corrosion Penetration Rate (CPR): Rate of material loss due to corrosion in units of mpy or mm/yr.
    • Nernst Equation: Calculates cell potential considering concentration and temperature.
    • EMF Series: Ranks metals by their electromotive force.
    • Galvanic Series: Ranks metals by reactivity in seawater.
    • Current Density: Current per unit area affecting corrosion rate.
    • Overvoltage: Displacement of electrode potential from equilibrium.
    • Spontaneity of Reaction: Reaction occurs if the overall potential difference is positive.
    • Active Polarization: High Hz concentration near electrode, no diffusion limit.
    • Destructive Attack: Unintentional damage to metals.
    • Corrosion Rates: Measurement of how quickly materials degrade.
    • Electrodeposition: Process where metal ions are reduced and deposited.
    • Half-Cell Potentials: Indicate equilibrium conditions, not actual corrosion rates.
    • Reactivity: Tendency of metals to undergo oxidation.
    • Weight Loss: Material loss measured over time due to corrosion.
    • Surface Area: Exposed area of a material affecting corrosion.
    • Electrochemical Reactions: Reactions involving the transfer of electrons.
    • Faraday Constant: 96,500 C/mol, relates charge to moles of electrons.
    • Concentration Polarization: Diffusion of Hz ions limits the reaction rate.
    • Passivity: Metals become inert due to protective oxide film.
    • Uniform Corrosion: Electrochemical corrosion occurs uniformly on surfaces.
    • Galvanic Corrosion: Corrosion occurs between electrically coupled dissimilar metals.
    • Pitting Corrosion: Localized corrosion forms small pits or holes.
    • Crevice Corrosion: Localized corrosion in stagnant areas with lower ion concentrations.
    • Intergranular Corrosion: Corrosion along grain boundaries of alloys.
    • Selective Leaching: One element is preferentially removed from solid solution alloys.
    • Erosion-Corrosion: Corrosion from chemical attack and mechanical abrasion.
    • Stress Corrosion Cracking: Cracking due to tensile stress and a corrosive environment.
    • Hydrogen Embrittlement: Reduction in ductility from atomic hydrogen penetration.
    • Cathodic Protection: Prevention technique converting metal into a cathode.
    • Galvanic Protection: Using sacrificial anode to protect metal.
    • Impressed Current: External DC source supplies electrons for protection.
    • Pilling-Bedworth Ratio: Determines the protective nature of oxide film.
    • P-B Ratio < 1: Porous oxide film, unprotective
    • P-B Ratio = 1: Stable and protective oxide film.
    • P-B Ratio > 1: Dense and protective oxide film.

    Ceramic Materials

    • Ozone-induced Chain Scission: Ozone reacts with double bonds, causing degradation.
    • Weathering: Degradation of materials due to outdoor exposure.
    • Thermal Degradation: Degradation of materials due to elevated temperatures.
    • Water Absorption: Indicates susceptibility to deterioration from water.
    • Thermal Stability: Resistance to degradation from thermal effects.
    • Environmental Effects: Factors influencing corrosion rates include temperature, fluid velocity, and concentration.
    • Corrosive Concentration: Higher concentration can increase or decrease corrosion.
    • Ferrous Metals: Metals containing iron, prone to corrosion.
    • Non-Ferrous Metals: Metals without iron, resistant to rust.

    Advanced Ceramics and Materials

    • Ageing: Enhances yield strength through particle distribution.
    • Stress Relieving: Reduces internal stresses.
    • Tempering: Reduces brittleness in quenched steel.
    • Case Hardening: Surface hardening.
    • Carburizing: Increases carbon content on steel surface.
    • Cyaniding: Hardening low carbon steel in cyanide bath.
    • Nitriding: Hardening by diffusing nitrogen into steel.
    • Traditional Ceramics: Includes earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain.
    • Polarization: Change in potential due to current flow
    • Sintering: Combining ceramic parts together to fuse them.
    • Glaze: Finely ground glass coating on ceramics
    • Cement Systems: Materials used in construction, can be ceramic-based.
    • Electrode Potentials: Measures voltage for half reactions.
    • Bioceramics: Materials for medical applications.
    • Ceramic Bonding: Spontaneously form bonds between non-metals.
    • Covalent Bonding: Sharing of electron pairs.
    • Ionic Bonding: Electrostatic attraction between ions.
    • Metallic Bonding: Bonds with free-moving electrons.
    • Ionic Crystals: Close-packed structure of anions with cations
    • Cations: Positively charged metallic ions.
    • Anions: Negatively charged nonmetallic ions
    • Corrosion Rate:Rate of material loss due to corrosion
    • Weight Loss Formula:W=ÁAxKxt
    • Coordination Number: Number of surrounding atoms or ions.
    • Protective Oxide Film: Thin layer that reduces metal reactivity.
    • Electrochemical Corrosion: Corrosion involving the transfer of electrons.
    • Grain Boundary Corrosion: Corrosion along the boundaries of grains.
    • Sensitization: Heating stainless steel leading to susceptibility to corrosion.
    • Diffusion Limitation: Mass transport limits reaction rates.
    • Activation Energy: Energy needed to initiate a reaction

    Polymers and Metals

    • Thermosetting Polymer: Polymers that cannot be remolded after curing.
    • Oxide Film: Protective layer for metals from further corrosion.
    • Sacrificial Anode: More reactive metal protecting less reactive metal.
    • Hydrogen Embrittlement: Reduction in ductility from hydrogen penetration.
    • Crosslinked Polymers: Polymers with chains joined by covalent bonds.
    • Branched Polymers: Polymers with side chains.
    • Linear Polymers: Polymers with straight chain structures.
    • Mechanical Properties: Characteristics like strength, ductility, wear resistance.
    • Ozone: Accelerates degradation of vulcanized rubbers.
    • Thermoplastics: Soft materials shaped by heat (polyethylene, polystyrene, PET).
    • Thermosets (Plastics): Materials with covalent compounds preventing softening (e.g vulcanized rubbers).
    • Random Copolymer: Two units dispersed in the polymer chain..
    • Alternating Copolymer: Two units alternate in the chain.
    • Block Copolymer: Identical units clustered along the polymer chain.
    • Graft Copolymer: Homopolymer branches grafted onto another polymer.
    • Polymer Crystallinity: Ordered packing of molecular chains.
    • Semicrystalline Polymers: Crystalline and amorphous regions.
    • Lamellae: Thin platelets formed by polymer single crystals.
    • Spherulites: Polymer structures equivalent to grains.
    • Stress-Strain Behavior: How polymers respond to stress and strain.
    • Viscoelastic Deformation: Intermediate behavior between elasticity and viscosity.
    • Relaxation Modulus: Time-dependent modulus of elasticity.
    • Fracture Strength: Relative strength compared to other materials.
    • Crazing: Localized deformation regions.
    • Elastic Deformation: Material elongation under stress followed by returning to its original shape.
    • Crystallization: Transformation into an ordered structure from a liquid phase.
    • Melting: Transformation of a solid into a liquid phase.
    • Polymer Types: Categorization of different polymer structures.
    • Polymerization: Synthesis of polymers (addition or condensation).

    Additional Topics (from the provided pages)

    • Pilling-Bedworth Ratio: Determines protective nature of oxide film
    • Ionic Character: Percentage of ionic bonding
    • Metal Alloys: General properties and types
    • Corrosion Mechanisms
    • Mechanical Abrasion: Surface damage from friction
    • Chemical Agents: Environmental corrosive agents
    • Forming Operations (Forging, Rolling, Extrusion, Casting): Metal shaping processes
    • Molecular Weight: Average mass of polymer chains

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    MSE Finals PDF - Materials Science and Engineering

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    Test your knowledge on essential concepts in Materials Science and Engineering with this comprehensive quiz. Covering topics like corrosion, oxidation, and electrochemical mechanisms, this quiz will challenge your understanding of material degradation and prevention strategies.

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