Materials Science and Engineering Chapter 1
24 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

The ______ age is characterized by tools and weapons made predominantly from bronze.

Bronze

The ______ is the last stage of the archaeological sequence, marking a shift to iron tools and weapons.

Iron Age

Materials Science involves the investigation of the relationship between structures and ______ of materials.

properties

Materials Engineering applies knowledge from Materials Science to design materials with specific ______.

<p>properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combined study of basic knowledge and applications in materials is referred to as ______ Science and Engineering.

<p>Materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of selecting materials includes picking an application and determining the required ______.

<p>properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research in Materials Science can lead to improved ______ of engineering materials.

<p>performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The interdisciplinary nature of Materials Science and Engineering bridges basic sciences with various ______ disciplines.

<p>engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metals can be classified into two main categories: ______ and Non-Ferrous.

<p>Ferrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Examples of ferrous metals include ______ and stainless steel.

<p>steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-ferrous materials include ______, copper, and brass.

<p>aluminum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary properties of metals include being stiff, strong, and ______.

<p>ductile</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steel can be classified by its composition, with examples like 10xx and 15xx, where 'xx' represents carbon ______.

<p>content</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of sulfur and phosphorus in 12XX steels makes them ______ machining steels.

<p>free</p> Signup and view all the answers

'E' is used in alloy steel designation to indicate production in an ______ arc furnace.

<p>electric</p> Signup and view all the answers

The letter 'H' in alloy steel indicates that ______ is a special property of the metal.

<p>hardenability</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _________ age is often associated with the beginning of metallurgy.

<p>Bronze</p> Signup and view all the answers

Materials science has evolved from prehistoric times to the _________ age.

<p>Electric</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classification of materials includes _________ materials, which are engineered for specific characteristics.

<p>engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

_________ materials are those that have been developed through the combination of different elemental materials.

<p>Alloy</p> Signup and view all the answers

_________ refers to the methods and techniques used to create the desired characteristics in materials.

<p>Processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

The performance of materials can significantly impact the _________ of an engineering project.

<p>safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

Design standards in materials help assure that products meet _________ requirements.

<p>performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of materials is important for various fields, including _________ and telecommunications.

<p>aerospace</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

  • The diagram shows various components of a car.
  • Components include hoods, header & nose panels, radiator supports, grilles, bumpers, mirrors, headlights, fenders, radiators, tailgates, trunk lids, tail lights, step bumpers, A/C condensers, and doors.

Topic Contents

  • Historical perspective
  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Classification of Materials

What are Materials?

  • Materials are substances used to make things.
  • The development of human civilization is directly tied to the production and use of materials.

What are Engineering Materials?

  • Engineering materials are used to create technical products.
  • These materials are engineered with specific desired properties.

Why should we know about it?

  • Cost
  • Effectiveness
  • Fabrication
  • Safety
  • Materials are used in: Electronic & Electrical, Mechanical, Chemical, Civil & Structural, Infrastructure & Transportation, Aerospace, Military, Telecommunications, and Entertainment.

Evolution of Materials

  • Progression from prehistoric materials (stone, wood, clay) to bronze, iron and electric ages (silicone) to nano materials .
  • The Industrial Revolution was a key point in the development of iron materials.
  • Advancements in materials processing lead to better properties.
  • Examples of advancements include: alloys, steel, other metals, and the steam engine.
  • Advanced composites, surface treatment, and artificial layered structures came later.

Prehistoric

  • Early human cultures used materials from nature, such as stone.
  • Tools and weapons were primarily made from natural materials.

Stone Age

  • Early stage in human culture before metal use.
  • Tools and weapons were made from stone.

Bronze Age

  • Time in human culture using bronze (copper + tin + zinc).
  • Bronze replaced stone for tools and weapons.

Iron Age

  • Technology replacing bronze.
  • The final stage of the archaeological sequence.

Now/Modern

  • Advanced materials are used extensively today.
  • Images of modern materials used in fictional characters or machinery are shown (e.g. Iron Man, a Transformer).

Discipline of Materials Study

  • Materials Science -Study of fundamental knowledge of materials . -Investigate relationships between material structure and properties.
  • Materials Engineering
  • Use Materials Science knowledge to produce materials meeting societal needs.
  • Focus on structure-property relationships to design materials.

Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)

  • Combines basic scientific knowledge with various engineering disciplines.
  • Bridges basic sciences such as physics, chemistry, and mathematics with engineering fields.
  • Has an interdisciplinary nature. A basic knowledge of materials leads to resultant knowledge on structure, properties, processing, and performance of engineering materials.

The Materials Selection Process

  • Starts with application requirements.

  • Determines the required properties (mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, etc.).

  • Identifies candidate materials and their structure and composition.

  • Specifies necessary processing needed.

  • Materials processing changes material’s structure and shape (e.g. casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping, forming, joining, annealing).

Components of Material Utilization

  • Processing
  • Structure
  • Properties
  • Performance

What is Processing?

  • Multiple procedures to produce a predetermined outcome.

What is Structure?

  • Organization of internal components at the subatomic, atomic, microscopic, and macroscopic level.
  • Focuses on arrangement of components within materials.

What is Property?

  • Material trait in terms of response to a specific stimulus.
  • Mechanical, Electrical, Thermal, Magnetic, Optical, and Deteriorative properties.

Structure, Processing, & Properties

  • Material properties are linked to structure.
  • Processing can modify material structure.
  • Examples of properties changing with structure include hardness in relationship to cooling rate of steel.
  • Data from figures of mechanical properties (e.g., hardness) vs. cooling rates were obtained from existing figures.

Electrical Properties

  • Adding 'impurity' atoms increases resistivity in materials such as copper
  • Deforming copper also increases its resistivity
  • Electrical conductivity and dielectric constant are electrical properties.

Thermal Properties

  • Heat conduction decreases when zinc is added to materials like copper.
  • Thermal properties can be presented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity.
  • Space Shuttle Tiles use silica fiber for heat insulation.

Magnetic Properties

  • Magnetic properties are demonstrated as materials response to magnetic fields in magnetic storage.
  • Adding 3 atomic % Si to iron (Fe) makes it a better storage medium.
  • Magnetic properties are measured using magnetic permeability.

Optical Properties

  • Transmittance properties (transparency, translucence, opacity) of materials depend on structure.
  • Electrical light as stimulus is used to study properties like index of refraction in a single crystal versus a polycrystal of different porosity.
  • Material structure influences transparency.

Deteriorative Properties

  • Stress and saltwater cause cracks.
  • Heat treatment slows crack speed in materials in salt water.

What is Performance?

  • Measurement of how good a product is/functions.
  • The product’s performance is a direct result of processing, structure & properties.

The four components of Materials Science and Engineering

  • Processing
  • Structure
  • Properties
  • Performance

Car body materials

  • Material choice for car bodies depends on structure, properties, and processing techniques.
  • High strength-to-density ratio is sought for cars.

Common material classification categories

  • Metals (ferrous & non-ferrous)
  • Ceramics
  • Polymers (plastics & elastomers)
  • Composites

Classification of Materials (Metals)

  • Ferrous (contain iron) and non-ferrous (do not contain iron).
  • Examples include steel (various types), cast iron, aluminum, copper, brass, and titanium.

Properties of Metals

  • Stiff, strong, ductile, resistant to fracture, good conductors of electricity & heat, not transparent, and some are magnetic.

Metal/Metallic Materials

  • Ferrous materials: consist of steel and cast iron (carbon steel, high alloy steel, stainless steel, tool steel).
  • Nonferrous materials: consist of other metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and alloys derived from them.

Designation of Steels (Plain Carbon Steels)

  • 11XX steels (free machining steel) contain extra sulfur.
  • 12XX steels contain extra sulfur and phosphorus.
  • 15XX steels contain manganese.

Designation of Steels (Alloy Steels)

  • Last 2 digits signify carbon content.
  • First two digits identify the family of steel.
  • Examples include: 10XX (Plain Carbon), 11XX (Resulfurized), 12XX (Rephosphorized), 15XX (Manganese Carbon), 20XX (Nickel), 31XX (Nickel-Chromium), 40XX (Molybdenum), 41XX (Chromium-Molybdenum), 50XX (Chromium).

Classification of Alloy Steels

  • "E" : steels produced in an electric arc furnace.
  • "H" : hardenability (special property of the metal).
  • "B" : presence of boron.
  • "L" : presence of lead.

Metals in Car

  • Different metals account for different parts of automobiles.
  • Examples include: silicon, aluminum, iron, carbon, and copper.

Classification of Materials (Ceramics)

  • Compounds of metallic and nonmetallic elements (e.g. oxides, nitrides, carbides)
  • Ceramics exhibit properties such as stiffness, strength, hardness.
  • Ceramics are brittle.
  • Ceramics are insulators and resistant to high temperatures/harsh environments.
  • Some oxide ceramics exhibit magnetic behavior.

Ceramics Applications

  • Insulation, abrasives, dies for metal extrusion, tools, and components like tungsten carbide tools and cubic boron nitride tools

Applications (Ceramics)

  • Clay materials (e.g., bricks, tiles, pipes, china, porcelain).
  • Refractory materials( Space Shuttle all-silica insulating tiles) used at high temperatures

Applications (Electrical)

  • Resistors (create voltage drops, limit current flow).
  • Thermistors (regulate current flow with heat).
  • Rectifiers (allow current to flow in one direction).
  • Heating elements (furnaces).

Ceramics Components in automotive applications

  • Structural and functional

Classification of Materials (Polymers)

  • Organic compounds (carbon based).
  • Polymers are long chains of molecules with carbon as a backbone.
  • Examples include: PP, PE, PVC, Nylon, PS, PC, Silicone Rubber

Polymer Properties

  • Pliable, chemically inert, tendency to soften/decompose at moderate temperatures, low electrical conductivity, nonmagnetic, and mechanically flexible, and poor electrical conductors.

Polymers (Plastics & Elastomers)

  • Plastics are pliable (Easily shaped) often used in complex structures.
  • Elastomers are polymers that can be stretched considerable distances at room temperature and rapidly return back to their original state after the stretching force is removed.
  • There are thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers.

Design for polymers

  • Low density, good thermal & electrical insulators, and high resistance

Design considerations for Polymers

  • Structural parts should carry load
  • Strength & stiffness varies with temperature (eg creep)
  • Stress risers

Plastics Classification

  • Thermoplastics (e.g., Acrylics, Nylons, PVC, Polyethylene).
  • Thermosets (e.g., Epoxy resins, Phenolic, Polyesters)
  • Elastomers (e.g., Rubbers, Silicones, Polyurethanes)

Elastomers

  • Natural or synthetic materials, can be 200% stretched, and quickly return to shape.

Vulcanization

  • Chemical process used to strengthen rubber.

Applications (Polymers)

  • Car interiors (seating, dashboards), packaging, and other parts of the car.

Classification of Materials (Composites)

  • Mixture of two or more chemically distinct materials (matrix phase + reinforcing phase).

Composite Properties

  • Designed to combine best properties, high strength, and stiffness to weight ratio.

Composites Applications

  • Aerospace industry, offshore structures, boats, and sporting goods.

Examples of composites

  • Reinforced plastics, ceramic–matrix, metal–matrix, and laminates.
  • Distinguishing characteristics: composed of two or more materials, designed to obtain desirable properties.

Design for Composites

  • Composite material assembled from two or more chemically distinct materials and acting with distinct interface between them to produce desired set of properties. e.g. MMC, PMC, & CMC.
  • Composite constituents are the matrix & the reinforcement.
  • The properties and behavior of a composite depends on its constituent properties, size, distribution, volume fraction, the shape of the components and nature of the bond strength.

Composites (Types)

  • Fiber-reinforced, particulate, and layer composites

Composites Design

  • Composite materials are usually expensive
  • Important factor when designing composite materials is that their high strength arises as a result of large elastic strains in the fiber.
  • Fatigue behavior at low stress level is important since fiber composites are prone to crack growth.

Layer Composites

  • Alternate sheets of materials bonded together (e.g. sandwich panels).

Structural Composites

  • Composed of two or more sheets of materials e.g. laminated composites (layered) .
  • E.g. modern skis, plywood

Sandwich Panels

  • Contain a low density core, laminated on both sides with an adhesive layer to reinforce the structure.

Applications for Composite Materials

  • Widely used in manufacturing diverse goods such as cars.

Advanced Materials

  • Materials used in high-tech applications or devices (e.g., DVD players, microprocessors, LCDs).

Advanced Materials (Semiconductors)

  • Electrical properties are intermediate between conductors & insulators.
  • Electrical characteristics are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms.

Advanced Materials (Microelectrical-Mechanical Systems (MEMS))

  • Used in computer chips
  • Includes silicon wafers and other miniature components

Advanced Materials (Biomaterials)

  • Materials that are compatible with human tissues/body.
  • Used to replace damaged or diseased body parts (e.g. artificial hip replacements).
  • Requirements include: mechanical strength, good lubricity, and biocompatibility.

Advanced Materials (Smart Materials)

  • Sense and respond to environmental changes; can change color with temperature, serve as sensors, or as actuators.

Smart Materials (Examples)

  • Metals (springs), light bulbs, and porous ceramics.
  • Shape memory polymers, piezoelectric ceramics, and magnetostrictive materials are examples of modern smart materials.

Nanomaterials

  • Materials with dimensions less than or equal to 100 nm.
  • Techniques for creating nanomaterials include: bottom-up and top-down techniques.

Advanced Materials (Other Examples)

  • Quantum Tunnelling Composite(QTC)
  • Anodised Effect Card
  • Galvanised Effect Card
  • Lenticular Sheet

Materials in a Vehicle

  • Pie chart showing approximate relative percentages of materials used in a vehicle (e.g., rubber, plastics, composites, regular steel, aluminum, iron, hi & med strength steel).
  • The most common components are regular steel, high & medium strength steels, and other non-metal materials.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering PDF

Description

Explore the fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering, including its historical perspective and the classification of materials. This quiz covers various components used in engineering applications and emphasizes the importance of materials in different industries. Test your understanding of engineering materials and their properties.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser