Materials of Decoration
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary use of flashing in commercial roofing?

  • To provide aesthetic enhancement to the roof
  • To improve the insulation of the roof
  • To provide structural support to the roof
  • To waterproof joints and other vulnerable points (correct)

    • Which material is NOT typically used for making flashings?

  • Aluminum
  • Lead
  • Copper
  • Fiberglass (correct)

    • What is the main purpose of sealants in commercial roofing?

  • To enhance the visual appearance
  • To improve the structural integrity
  • To provide thermal insulation
  • To seal joints and gaps between materials (correct)

    • Which of the following is a common material used for sealants?

    <p>Silicone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of insulation is commonly used in commercial roofing?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a cover board in a commercial roofing system?

    <p>To protect insulation from the elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final layer of a commercial roofing system called?

    <p>Roofing membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pattern repeat?

    <p>The interval between the repetitions of the same pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ceramic tile is typically highly moisture and stain resistant due to a thin coat of liquefied glass?

    <p>Glazed Interior Tiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is NOT typically used for roofing membranes?

    <p>Concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'railroading' refer to?

    <p>Using fabric horizontally to avoid seams in long lengths of fabric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of Quarry Tiles?

    <p>Extruded and made from natural clay or shale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'return' in window treatment?

    <p>Distance from the front of a window treatment to the wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes Ceramic Mosaic Tiles distinct?

    <p>Face area of less than 150 sq. mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pleating tape used for?

    <p>Providing stiffness and concealing drapery hooks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a 'trouser break'?

    <p>To add 1-2 inches of extra fabric beyond what is needed to reach the floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ceramic tile is described as weatherproof and suitable for heavy floor service?

    <p>Paver Tiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flooring combines the comfort of textile coverings with the imperviousness of hard floorings?

    <p>Resilient Flooring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of floor is both waterproof and impervious to most household liquids?

    <p>Nonporous Floors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'stagecoach valance'?

    <p>A panel of fabric mounted on a board and attached to a window frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tile type consists of an outer layer made of the cork oak tree?

    <p>Cork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of flooring is resistant but not impervious to oil and grease?

    <p>Semi-porous Floors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'right side' of fabric refer to?

    <p>The printed side of the fabric with the most finished look</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ceramic tile is generally dense and impervious, with superior chip resistance?

    <p>Porcelain Tiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tile type can be categorized based on having a solid color throughout?

    <p>Homogenous Tiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'puddle' in the context of draperies?

    <p>Long draperies lying on the floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an added organic material in Adobe bricks typically used for?

    <p>Providing fibrous strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bricklaying pattern is the oldest and involves alternate layers of headers and stretchers?

    <p>English Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Bright Glazes known for?

    <p>Reflecting an image clearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material, used in masonry construction, is usually buff and comes in a variety of browns?

    <p>Brick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary material used in the making of ceramic tile?

    <p>Natural clay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ceramic tile has the lowest absorption level?

    <p>Impervious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'vitrification' refer to in ceramic tiles?

    <p>The fusion of the tile body after firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three principal constituents of compound clay bodies?

    <p>Plastic, Filler, Flux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which production method involves passing the tile through the kiln twice?

    <p>Bicottura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Monocottura' mean in the context of ceramic tile production?

    <p>Single fired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should nonvitreous tiles not be used in continually wet locations?

    <p>They are highly absorptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of porcelain ceramic tiles?

    <p>Fine grained and smooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stone is known for being extremely hard and an excellent choice for high-traffic areas?

    <p>Granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stone is more prone to scratching and staining but easier to work with?

    <p>Marble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which flooring material is composed of a blend of acrylic resins and minerals?

    <p>Solid surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT true about linoleum?

    <p>It absorbs moisture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stone is often used for outdoor applications like patios and walkways?

    <p>Sandstone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials can be thermoformed to create custom shapes?

    <p>Solid surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stone is formed from the sand of old sand dunes?

    <p>Sandstone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is renowned for being a renewable resource?

    <p>Linoleum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials offers excellent acoustic and thermal insulation?

    <p>Cork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage of using cork tiles?

    <p>They chip and crumble at the edges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these fabrics must be back coated to be used as wall coverings?

    <p>All textiles, including carpet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fabric wallcovering stiffens the textile for easier installation?

    <p>Paper-backed fabrics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes Vinyl Cork Tiles tougher and non-porous?

    <p>A laminated top layer of vinyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is described as having a major use in contemporary architecture for windows and transparent or translucent walls?

    <p>Glass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Granolithic primarily made of?

    <p>Cement, granite chippings, and granite dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves laminating paper to the reverse side of the textile for wall coverings?

    <p>Paper-backing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of granolithic that makes it useful for industrial settings?

    <p>Hard-wearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes fabric wall coverings give the feeling of being extraordinarily luxurious?

    <p>Their cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock is formed by the crystallization of molten magma?

    <p>Igneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stone consists of quarried and squared stones, cut into specific sizes?

    <p>Dimension stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of natural stone is known for being hard, durable, and low-maintenance?

    <p>Granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of rock has undergone changes due to heat and pressure?

    <p>Metamorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stone includes stones recovered from both topsoil and subsoil?

    <p>Fieldstone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stones can be loosely designated as marble?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of rock is the softest?

    <p>Sedimentary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinctive feature of granite compared to other cladding stones?

    <p>Uniform color and texture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material is typically used for kitchen countertops in engineered stone applications?

    <p>Engineered Quartz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about quartz stone surfaces?

    <p>They resist stains and do not need sealing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with rubber flooring?

    <p>Difficult to lay due to reaction with grease and spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is created by mimicking natural stone formation processes without using resins?

    <p>Sintered Stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Engineered marble is commonly used for which of the following applications?

    <p>Wall and floor finishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does terrazzo flooring primarily consist of?

    <p>Small stone pieces embedded in concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of quartz stone surface is made up of quartz?

    <p>93%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of using engineered stone over natural stone?

    <p>Uniform structure and flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which flooring material is described as having a durability comparable to concrete and low maintenance?

    <p>Terrazzo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about rubber flooring in high-traffic public areas?

    <p>It is highly resistant to cigarette burns and chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of marble is known for its high quality and use in sculpture and building décor?

    <p>Carrara Marble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stone is precipitated from water of mineral springs and has pitted holes and troughs in its surface?

    <p>Travertine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily composed of sand-size mineral rock grains and varies in color through gray, yellow, red, and white?

    <p>Sandstone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which marble is whiter and has bolder veining compared to others?

    <p>Calacatta Marble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rock is formed by the accumulation of organic remains such as shells and corals?

    <p>Limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metamorphic rock is derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock and is commonly used for contemporary interior flooring?

    <p>Slate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rock is a cryptocrystalline form of Quartz and has colors created through impurities seeping into the rock?

    <p>Onyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sedimentary rock is commonly used as exterior cladding for buildings and is susceptible to staining?

    <p>Limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rock is known for being dense, non-porous, and varying in color from dark blue to grey-green?

    <p>Slate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among domestic and imported marble, approximately how many kinds are there in terms of color, pattern, and texture?

    <p>Over 250</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pattern Repeat

    • The interval between the repetitions of the same pattern.

    Pleating Tape

    • Pre-made and evenly spaced fabric tape sewn onto a drapery heading for stiffness to receive and conceal drapery hooks.

    Polonaise

    • A bed set lengthwise against the wall and surmounted by a small dome.

    Projection

    • A hardware term, the rod Projects into the room, measuring the distance from the wall to the front of the rod.

    Puddle

    • A term used to describe long draperies that are lying on the floor in a puddle fashion.

    Railroading

    • Refers to using fabric horizontally rather than vertically, suitable for fabrics without a nap or a directional design.

    Return

    • Distance from the front of a window treatment to the wall.

    Right Side

    • The printed side of the fabric that is used as the finished side of an item.

    Stackback

    • The area required and used by pleated curtains when they are open on either side of the window.

    Stagecoach Valance

    • A panel of fabric mounted on a board, and attached to the inside frame of a narrow window.

    Tester

    • Canopy framework over a four-poster bed.

    Trouser Break

    • A more contemporary option to puddling, where 1-2" of extra fabric is used beyond what's needed to reach the floor.

    Turkish Bed

    • A narrow bed set into a draped recess.

    Velcro

    • Hook and loop tape used for attaching fabric to a mounting board.

    Wadded Edge

    • A rolled fabric border, stuffed to create a sausage shape.

    Wadding

    • A soft, bulky material for stuffing shapes.

    Wrong Side

    • The back of the fabric, the less finished side that may have stray threads or a rougher look.

    Flashing

    • A thin material used to waterproof joints and other vulnerable points in a roof or wall.

    Sealants

    • Used to seal joints and gaps between materials to prevent the passage of air, water, or other substances.

    Insulation

    • A material used to reduce the transfer of heat or sound, installed between the roof deck and the roofing membrane.

    Cover Board

    • A material used to protect the insulation from the elements.

    Roofing Membrane

    • The final layer of the roofing system, protecting the roof from the elements.

    Hard Flooring

    • Resembles elements found in nature, such as wood, stone, or clay.

    Resilient Flooring

    • Combines the comfort of textile floor coverings with the imperviousness of hard floorings.

    Classification of Floors

    • Nonporous Floors: waterproof and impervious to most household liquids.
    • Semi-porous Floors: waterproof and resistant to oil and grease.
    • Porous Floors: not waterproof or greaseproof and likely to stain.

    Materials for Floors and Walls

    • Adobe: a natural building material made from sand, clay, and water, with some kind of fibrous or organic material.
    • Brick: a block of ceramic material, used in masonry construction.

    Ceramic Tile

    • Made from clay or a mixture of clay and ceramic materials, pressed into tiles and fired at a high temperature.
    • Can be glazed or unglazed.
    • Porcelain tile is fine-grained and smooth.

    Categories of Ceramic Tile

    • Wall tiles
    • Ceramic mosaic tiles
    • Quarry tiles
    • Paver tiles
    • Special purpose tiles

    Ceramic Tile Finishes

    • Unglazed tiles: composed of the same ingredients throughout and derive their color and texture from the materials of which the body is made.
    • Glazed tiles: have a glassy surface of ceramic materials fused upon their face to give them a decorative appearance and to make the surface impervious to moisture.

    Concrete Tiles

    • Made of cement and aggregate.
    • Suitable for patios, terraces, and showers.

    Stamped Concrete

    • Patterned, textured, or embossed concrete.
    • Made to look like natural materials, patterns, and textures.

    Cork

    • A natural resilient flooring.
    • Offers excellent acoustic and thermal insulation.

    Laminates

    • Constructed by uniting two or more layers of material together.
    • Used to add properties to a surface.

    Stone

    • One of the oldest materials used for floors.
    • Types of stone: granite, marble, and sandstone.

    Solid Surface

    • A man-made material used for countertops, sinks, and wall panels.
    • Composed of a blend of acrylic resins and minerals.

    Linoleum

    • A natural material made from linseed oil, wood flour, and cork powder.
    • Durable, easy to clean, and has a long lifespan.

    Classes of Rocks

    • Sedimentary rocks: formed by the deposition of sediments.
    • Metamorphic rocks: have undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition.
    • Igneous rocks: formed by the crystallization of molten magma.

    Classification of Stone

    • Fieldstone: loose, unfinished stones found on the surface or in the soil.
    • Rubble Stone: consists of quarried stone of various shapes and sizes, but having irregular mortar joints.
    • Dimension Stone: quarried and squared stones, cut into specific sizes, squared to dimensions, and of specific thicknesses.

    Natural Stone

    • Igneous: granite, a hard, durable, low-maintenance stone.
    • Metamorphic: marble, a softer and more brittle stone, prized for its distinctive variegated appearance.### Marble
    • Has bolder and more dramatic veining compared to Carrara, and is rarer.

    Sedimentary: Organic Remains

    • Limestone: a sedimentary rock formed by the accumulation of organic remains such as shells and corals.
    • Limited to a neutral palette of buff and gray.
    • Susceptible to staining and should not be exposed to excessive soil.

    Metamorphic

    • Slate: a fine-grained metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock.
    • Historical use for roofing, now commonly used for interior floor or wall finishes.
    • Dense, non-porous, and varies in color from dark blue to heather colors and Grey-green.
    • Has two lines of breakability, cleavage and grain, making it easy to split into thin sheets.
    • Can have a cleft, sand-rubbed, or honed finish.

    Sedimentary: Precipitate of carbonate minerals

    • Travertine: a natural precipitate of carbonate minerals, typically aragonite.
    • Deposited from mineral springs, hot springs, or streams saturated with calcium carbonate.
    • Characterized by pitted holes and troughs in its surface.
    • Color range from white to brown to yellow due to impurities.

    Sedimentary

    • Sandstone: a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral rock grains.
    • Varies in color through gray, yellow, red, and white.
    • Some sandstones are resistant to weathering, yet easy to work with, making it a common building and paving material.
    • Excellent material for making grindstones, used for sharpening blades and other implements.
    • Onyx: a cryptocrystalline form of Quartz, with a unique rock texture made up of crystals.
    • Colors range from white to almost every color.
    • Color created through impurities which seep into the rock as it forms.

    Engineered Stone

    • A composite material made of crushed stone bound together by a polymer resin.
    • Related materials: geopolymers, cast stone, engineered quartz, or engineered marble stone.
    • Actual application depends on the use of the original stone.
    • Engineered Marble: used in wall and floor finishes.
    • Engineered Quartz: mainly used as a kitchen countertop.
    • Unlike terrazzo, factory-made in slabs, cut and polished by fabricators, and assembled at the worksite.
    • Typically stronger in flexibility and hardness, and less porous, than natural stone, but not in all cases.

    Quartz Stone Surface

    • A composite made-up of 93% quartz, 7% polyester resin, and pigment.
    • Non-porous, polished surfaces don't need to be sealed.
    • Practically indestructible and maintenance-free.
    • Resists stains caused by fruit juices, wine, food coloring, and more.
    • Hygienic, doesn't harbor bacteria, making it a safe choice for food handling in the kitchen.

    Sintered Stone

    • A new material created by mimicking the process of creating natural stones.
    • Minerals and stone particles are selected for quality, color, and texture, then subjected to extreme heat and pressure.
    • Bonded together permanently, without using resins or bonding agents.
    • Can be used for any number of uses that natural stone is used for.

    Terrazzo

    • A flooring material.
    • Derived from the Italian terrassa, meaning "terrace."
    • Originally used by 15th-century Venetian stone cutters for patio terraces.
    • Embedded small stone pieces in concrete and polished to a level finish.
    • A low-maintenance, seamless floor finish with a luxurious look of stone mosaic and durability comparable to concrete.

    Rubber Flooring

    • Composed of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or both, in combination with mineral fillers and pigments.
    • Highly resistant to a wide variety of harsh chemicals and solvents.
    • Durable and natural resistance to cigarette burns, making it a good choice for high-traffic public areas.
    • Natural rubber is difficult to lay, reacts badly to grease, fruit juices, and spirits.

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    Test your knowledge of various materials and terms used in decoration, including pattern repeat, pleating tape, and more. Learn about the different concepts and hardware used in decoration.

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