17 Questions
The structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal ______.
components
A ______ is a material trait that distinguishes it from others.
property
There are six categories of ______ including mechanical, electrical, and thermal.
properties
Preparing or putting through a prescribed procedure is known as ______.
processing
A material's ______ will depend on how it is processed.
structure
Three basic classifications of solid materials are _______, ceramics, and organic polymers.
metals
In metals, atoms are arranged in a very ______ manner.
orderly
Some of the metals (Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable ______ properties.
magnetic
Ceramics are compounds between ______ and nonmetallic elements.
metallic
Ceramics are typically ______ to the passage of heat and electricity.
insulative
Ceramics are more ______ to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.
resistant
Some of the oxide ceramics, such as ______, exhibit magnetic behavior
Fe3O4
Polymers have very large molecular structures, often ______-like in nature
chain
Polymers are relatively ______ chemically and nonreactive in a large number of environments
inert
One of the common composites is ______, in which small glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material
fiberglass
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different ______ or chemical properties
physical
CFRPs are used in some ______ and aerospace applications, as well as high-tech sporting equipment
aircraft
Study Notes
Structure and Properties of Materials
- Structure refers to the arrangement of a material's internal components.
- Properties are material traits that respond to a specific stimulus, categorized into six types: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative.
Processing and Performance
- Processing involves preparing a material through a prescribed procedure, such as ore processing.
- Performance is the accomplishment of a material relative to stated goals or objectives.
- A material's structure is influenced by its processing, and its performance is a function of its properties.
Classification of Materials
- Three basic classifications of solid materials: metals, ceramics, and organic polymers (or polymers).
- Composites are combinations of two or more of these basic material classes.
Metals
- Composed of one or more metallic elements and often nonmetallic elements in small amounts.
- Atoms are arranged in an orderly manner, making them relatively dense.
- Distinguishing characteristics: stiff, strong, ductile, and resistant to fracture.
- Have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons.
- Some metals (Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic properties.
Ceramics
- Compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements, often oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
- Traditional ceramics: clay minerals, cement, and glass.
- Common (nontraditional) ceramics: alumina, silica, silicon carbide, silicon nitride.
- Relatively stiff and strong, but very brittle.
- Typically insulative to heat and electricity, and resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments.
- Some oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic behavior.
Polymers
- Large molecules composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent chemical bonds.
- Often organic compounds based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements.
- Have very large molecular structures, often chain-like in nature.
- Common polymers: polyethylene, nylon, poly vinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polystyrene, and silicon rubber.
- Properties: low densities, mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar to metals and ceramics, extremely ductile and pliable, relatively inert chemically, and low electrical conductivities.
Composites
- Engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with different physical or chemical properties.
- Designed to achieve a combination of properties not displayed by any single material.
- Examples: fiberglass, carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP).
- Properties: combination of strength, stiffness, brittleness, ductility, and flexibility.
Test your understanding of material structure, properties, and their relationship. Learn about the different levels of defining structure, six categories of properties, and more!
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