30 Questions
Which type of material is intended to be used for certain applications?
Pharmaceutical materials
In what manner are the constituent particles arranged in a crystalline solid?
Three dimensional periodic manner
What type of solids exhibit long-range orderliness and result in definite properties such as sharp melting points?
Crystalline solids
What are the terms used for substances like diluents, glidants, fillers, solubilisers, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, binders, and lubricants?
Excipients
What is the main focus of the review mentioned in the learning outcomes?
Material science and its applications in the pharmaceutical industry
What kind of analyses are mentioned in the fundamentals section?
Physical and chemical analyses
Which of the following is NOT a property of crystalline materials?
Variable solubility
What is the term for the ability of a solid to exist in multiple crystalline forms with significant differences in physical properties?
Polymorphism
Which pharmaceutical industry process can cause polymorph or amorphous conversions in solid forms?
Milling and compaction
What does differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) determine as part of its thermal analysis technique?
Phase and structural transitions
Which technique is used to study the interaction of pharmaceutical solids with moisture and its influences on material properties and processability?
Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS)
Which drug exemplifies existing in multiple polymorphic forms due to distinct crystalline structures from conformational rotations within the molecule?
Nifedipine
What information does thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) provide about a sample?
Volatile materials content
Which technique is NOT commonly used for characterizing solid forms in the pharmaceutical industry?
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
What is the term for the opposite of crystalline materials, lacking long-range molecular ordering?
Amorphous solids
What is the term for the influence of moisture on material properties and processability of pharmaceutical solids?
Hygroscopicity
Which technique is used to determine phase and structural transitions, including melting, crystallization, and solid-solid phase transformations?
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Which property is impacted by differences in polymorphic forms of APIs in the pharmaceutical industry?
Solubility
Which technique is used to identify and differentiate polymorphs of Nifedipine?
IR spectroscopy
What is the primary purpose of UV/VIS spectroscopy?
Detection of characteristic absorption patterns
Which technique is used for crystal structure determination, compound identification, and particle size analysis?
PXRD
What properties do particle size analysis affect?
Solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability
What is the primary use of NMR spectroscopy in the pharmaceutical industry?
Solid state characterization and crystal polymorphism testing
Which type of polymers can be thermo-stable and used for developing smart delivery systems?
Natural polymers
What is the primary purpose of mass spectrometry in the pharmaceutical industry?
Quantitative elemental analyses
What can be determined using PXRD?
Crystal structure and compound identification
What kind of polymers are made by linking together a large number of monomers through polymerization?
Synthetic polymers
Which technique is used for qualitative detection, quantitative calculation, and kinetic analysis?
UV/VIS spectroscopy
What are some properties affected by the mechanical properties of polymers?
Tensile strength and flexibility
What can be classified based on their source, structure, mode of polymerization, and solubility?
Polymers
Study Notes
- Text is about the characterization of various solid forms of chemicals using techniques including Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), particle size analysis, UV/VIS spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry.
- IR spectroscopy is used to identify and differentiate polymorphs of Nifedipine, a medication that failed in vitro dissolution tests due to its polymorphism.
- PXRD is an X-ray diffraction technique used for crystal structure determination, compound identification, determination of crystallographic orientation, particle size analysis, crystal strain measurement, and degree of crystallinity/crystal quality.
- Particle size analysis is important as it affects a wide range of physical and chemical properties such as solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability. Techniques for particle size measurement include sieving, microscopy, electric stream sensing zone method (Coulter counter), laser diffraction, sedimentation, and ultrasonic attenuation.
- UV/VIS spectroscopy determines characteristic absorption patterns and is used for qualitative detection, quantitative calculation, and kinetic analysis.
- NMR spectroscopy is used for solid state characterization, crystal polymorphism testing, and measuring the polymorphic state of pharmaceutical compounds and impurities.
- Mass spectrometry is used for quantitative elemental analyses and evaluation of unknown purities.
- Characterization is important in the pharmaceutical industry, as shown by the example of Ritonavir, which was commercialized as a capsule but failed in vitro dissolution tests due to its polymorphism.
- Polymers are macromolecules made of repeating units, which can be natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic. They are made by linking together a large number of monomers through a process called polymerization.
- Pharmaceutical polymers are investigated for their molecular weight, composition, mechanical/thermal properties, and rheology.
- Natural polymers include proteins, cellulose, starch, and some resins and rubber. Semi-synthetic polymers are cellulose derivatives, and synthetic polymers include plastic, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubbers.
- Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, mode of polymerization, and solubility.
- Mechanical properties of polymers depend on intermolecular forces and can make them elastomers, fibers, thermoplastics, or thermosetting.
- Some natural polymers used in pharmaceutical applications include starch, a polysaccharide, and chitosan, a polyaminosaccharide. Starch is derived from corn or potato and is used as a tablet and capsule diluent, a disintegrant, a glidant, or a binder. Chitosan is thermo-stable and can be used for developing smart delivery systems. It is soluble in organic acids at low pH.
- The text mentions various techniques for characterizing polymers and their importance in various applications.
This quiz covers the fundamentals of material science and its importance in the pharmaceutical industry, including the review of material science, properties of solids, and pharmaceutical analysis.
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