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Questions and Answers
_________ exhibiting the behavior shown in Figure 1.3b is called ductile because of its ability to undergo large deformations before fracturing.
Steel
Ductility can be measured by the elongation, defined as _________.
important points in the curve
Upper and lower yield points are close to each other and are treated as a single point called yield point, ________ (Fy).
Fu
_________ is the maximum value of stress that can be attained.
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______ ratio of stress to strain within the elastic range, denoted E and called Young’s modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is the same for all structural steels and has a value of 29,000,000 psi (pounds per square inch) or 29,000 ksi (kips per square inch).
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Figure 1.5 shows a typical stress–strain curve for ______ steels, which are less ductile than the mild steels discussed thus far.
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The upper yield point is quickly reached after the proportional limit, followed by a leveling off at the ______ yield point.
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The specimen continues to elongate in the yield plateau, or plastic range, as long as the load is not removed, even though the load cannot be ______.
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Strain hardening begins at a strain of approximately 12 times the strain at yield, requiring additional load and stress to cause additional elongation and ______.
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The specimen begins to 'neck down' after reaching the maximum value of stress, as the stress decreases with increasing strain, leading to ______.
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The stress remains constant in the yield plateau, or plastic range, even though the strain continues to ______.
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At the constant stress region called the yield plateau, or plastic range, the test specimen elongates as long as the load is not removed, even though the load cannot be ______.
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The ______ stress for steel with a stress–strain curve is called the ______ strength and is defined as the stress at the point of unloading that corresponds to a permanent strain of some arbitrarily defined amount. A strain of 0.002 is usually selected, and this method of determining the ______ strength is called the 0.2% offset method.
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As previously mentioned, the two properties usually needed in structural steel design are Fu and Fy, regardless of the shape of the stress–strain curve and regardless of how Fy was obtained. For this reason, the generic term ______ stress is used, and it can mean either ______ point or ______ strength.
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The various properties of structural ______, including strength and ductility, are determined by its chemical composition. Steel is an alloy, its principal component being iron. Another component of all structural ______s, although in much smaller amounts, is carbon, which contributes to strength but reduces ductility. Other components of some grades of ______ include copper, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and silicon. Structural ______s can be grouped according to their composition as follows: 1. Plain carbon ______s: mostly iron and carbon, with less than 1% carbon. 2. Low-alloy ______s: iron and carbon plus other components (usually less than 5%).
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Although there is a linear elastic portion and a distinct tensile strength, there is no well-defined ______ point or ______ plateau. The ______ stress for steel with a stress–strain curve of the type shown in Figure 1.5 is called the ______ strength and is defined as the stress at the point of unloading that corresponds to a permanent strain of some arbitrarily defined amount.
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A strain of 0.002 is usually selected, and this method of determining the yield strength is called the 0.2% ______ method. As previously mentioned, the two properties usually needed in structural steel design are Fu and Fy, regardless of the shape of the stress–strain curve and regardless of how Fy was obtained. For this reason, the generic term yield stress is used, and it can mean either yield point or yield strength.
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Steel is an alloy, its principal component being ______. Another component of all structural steels, although in much smaller amounts, is carbon, which contributes to strength but reduces ductility. Other components of some grades of steel include copper, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and silicon. Structural steels can be grouped according to their composition as follows: 1. Plain carbon steels: mostly ______ and carbon, with less than 1% carbon. 2. Low-alloy steels: ______ and carbon plus other components (usually less than 5%).
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