Pharm Week 1
41 Questions
22 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Match each stem to its definition

“cillin” = Any penicillin drug olol” = Beta blockers “triptan” = For migraines “zepam” = Anti anxiety drugs

What is fluocinonide?

  • A type of antibiotic
  • A topical corticosteroid (correct)
  • An antiviral medication
  • An anti-inflammatory agent

    • What is Prozac® (fluoxetine)?

  • An antidepressant medication (correct)
  • A type of antibiotic
  • A pain reliever
  • A cholesterol medication

    • What is Proscar® (finasteride)?

    <p>A prostate drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Losec® (omeprazole)?

    <p>A proton pump inhibitor used to treat acid-related conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Lasix® (furosemide)?

    <p>A diuretic medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Lamotrigine (Lamictal®)?

    <p>An anticonvulsant medication used for epilepsy and bipolar disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Terbinafine (Lamisil®)?

    <p>An antifungal medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Metoprolol?

    <p>A beta-blocker used to treat high blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Topiramate?

    <p>An antiepileptic medication used to treat partial seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Carbamazepine?

    <p>An anticonvulsant medication for tonic-clonic seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each word to its definition

    <p>Pharmakon = drug, spell, charm, incantation Logos = reason, mind Pharmacotherapeutics = Use of drugs to treat disease, dosage, routes of administration Pharmacology = study of drugs and their effects in humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each word to its definition

    <p>Toxicology = study of harm caused by drugs or chemicals Drug = any compound intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent or cure a disease. Materia medica = preparation and use of drugs Pharmacokinetics = what body does to the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each word to its definition

    <p>Pharmacodynamics = what drug does to the body Pharmacopeia = official formulas of drugs. Pharmacogenomics = effect of genetics on drug actions. Idiopathic = disease without known cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each word to its definition

    <p>Iatrogenic = A disease caused by a physician or caregiver. Idiosyncratic = individual reaction to a drug or treatment. Drug Receptor = the location on or within a cell where the drug binds (attaches) Agonist = (activator) at receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each word to its description

    <p>Antagonist = (inhibitor) at receptors Xenobiotics = molecules not synthesized within the body Endogenous = substances made by the body Prodrug = an inactive molecule that is converted to an active molecule in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each word to its definition

    <p>Full agonist = shifts all the receptor pool to the Ra form Partial agonist = no matter how much drug is given only a percentage of the pool is in the Ra form Inverse agonist = has greater affinity for the Ri form, effects are often the opposite of that of full or partial agonist Allosteric inhibition = drug binds to receptor but does not block binding of agonist drug, may enhance or inhibit agonist actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each word to its definition

    <p>Permeation = The movement of a drug across membranes Fick’s Law = The passive flux of drugs down a concentration gradient Efficacy = measure of beneficial effect Potency = the lowest dose that causes the maximal beneficial effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main laws that govern all prescription and OTC drugs?

    <p>Truth in labeling, efficacy and safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each word to its definition

    <h1>Prescription Drugs = drugs for which medical supervision is required for safe and effective use. OTC = Diagnosis of disease can be made by the patient. Medical supervision not required for safe use. Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines = Since 1994 classified as food additives.</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each phase to its description

    <p>Phase I Trials = Toxicity and dosing in non- diseased subjects only Phase II Trials = Safety and Efficacy on a limited number of subjects with the disease. Phase III Trials = Safety and Efficacy on a larger number of subjects with the disease and may also include a cross over study Phase IV = Post Market: Safety and Drug-Drug interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug would you add to make urine acidic when amphetamine is added?

    <p>Ammonium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug can be added to make alkaline urine in the presence of weak acids such as aspirin and phenobarbital?

    <p>Ammonium bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what pKa range is a drug considered a weak acid?

    <p>pKa 3.5 - 7.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what pKa range is a drug considered a weak base (alkaline)?

    <p>pKa &gt; 7.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is polar ionized or unionized?

    <p>Polar = ionized (water soluble)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diffusion has the following characteristics: Drug passes easily through pores in the cell membrane, and this is how all steroid drugs enter cells, while penicillin receptors are on the surface of the cell membrane?

    <p>Aqueous diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diffusion is described as fat-soluble (lipid soluble, lipophilic) drugs passing through lipid cell membranes? Lipophilic means lipid loving.

    <p>Lipid diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diffusion type is defined by pumps or transporters in the cell wall that either bring the drug inside or push the drugs out?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diffusion type(s) has the following definition: Large molecules are engulfed by the membrane and moved 'into'/'out' of the cell?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not one of the three main functions of the kidneys?

    <p>Producing insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Fick's Law of Diffusion describe in relation to pharmacology?

    <p>How to help remove drugs from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is defined as being water soluble and will stay in the urine?

    <p>Ionized drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is described as lipid soluble, repellent to water, and easily reabsorbed into the blood?

    <p>Unionized drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs listed makes urine more acidic

    <p>tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the world's first orphan drug?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trial type is known as the gold standard of evidence-based medicine?

    <p>Randomized clinical trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study has the following description:

    • This is a very important subcategory of the RCT
    • All the published RCTs on this drug or therapy are combined, providing one report of combined evidence from multiple RCTs.

    <p>Meta-analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What study type has the following characteristics: Test a hypothesis about a drug or treatment therapy or disease condition, providing some useful information, but is generally considered a weak form of evidence?

    <p>Cohort Study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What study type has the following characteristics: define a group with a disease and look backward to see if this group was exposed to a drug, chemical, or environmental factor that could account for the disease?

    <p>Case-Control Study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study type has the following characteristics: The lowest level of evidence and is not considered by many to be evidence?

    <p>Case studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacological Agents

    • Fluocinonide: A potent topical corticosteroid used for skin inflammatory conditions.
    • Prozac® (Fluoxetine): An antidepressant in the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class, used to treat depression, OCD, and other mood disorders.
    • Proscar® (Finasteride): Medication for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male pattern baldness, works by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
    • Losec® (Omeprazole): A proton pump inhibitor used to reduce gastric acid production, treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers.
    • Lasix® (Furosemide): A loop diuretic that helps eliminate excess fluid in conditions such as heart failure and hypertension.
    • Lamotrigine (Lamictal®): An anticonvulsant used to manage epilepsy and bipolar disorder by stabilizing mood and controlling seizures.
    • Terbinafine (Lamisil®): An antifungal medication used to treat fungal infections of the skin and nails by inhibiting fungal growth.
    • Metoprolol: A beta-blocker used primarily for treating high blood pressure and heart conditions by reducing heart rate and workload.
    • Topiramate: An anticonvulsant also effective in migraine prevention and weight management.
    • Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer effective in treating epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia.

    Drug Chemistry and Physiology

    • Urine pH Modifiers: Some drugs (e.g., ammonium chloride) can acidify urine when amphetamines are present; other agents like sodium bicarbonate can alkalinize urine in the presence of weak acids.
    • Weak Acid pKa Range: Generally between 3 to 7, indicating a drug's tendency to donate protons.
    • Weak Base pKa Range: Typically between 7 to 11, signifying a drug's ability to accept protons.
    • Polar Solubility: Polar compounds are generally ionized, increasing their solubility in aqueous environments.
    • Diffusion Types:
      • Facilitated Diffusion: Drugs pass through cell membrane pores; steroid drugs commonly use this pathway.
      • Passive Diffusion: Fat-soluble drugs move easily through lipid membranes without the need for energy.
      • Active Transport: Membrane pumps transport drugs in or out of cells against concentration gradients.
      • Endocytosis/Exocytosis: Large molecules are engulfed or expelled by the cell membrane.

    Renal and Diffusion Functions

    • Kidney Functions: Among their primary roles, they regulate fluid balance, electrolyte levels, and waste excretion; one option is not a main function.
    • Fick's Law of Diffusion: Describes how concentration gradients affect the rate of diffusion in pharmacology, emphasizing driver variables such as surface area and permeability.

    Drug Categorization

    • Water-Soluble Drugs: Easily remain in urine and are excreted efficiently.
    • Lipid-Soluble Drugs: Tend to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream, minimizing urine presence.
    • Urine Acidification: Certain drugs can make the urine more acidic by enhancing proton concentration.

    Clinical Trials and Research Types

    • First Orphan Drug: The first orphan drug recognized for limited disease treatments.
    • Gold Standard Trial: Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) provide the most reliable evidence in clinical research.
    • Systematic Review: Combines data from multiple RCTs for a comprehensive report on a specific drug or therapy.
    • Hypothesis Testing Study: Offers useful insights into drugs or treatments but has lower evidentiary weight.
    • Case-Control Study: Observes disease groups retrospectively to identify prior exposure to potential causative factors.
    • Lowest Level of Evidence Study: Anecdotal reports that carry little to no scientific weight and are dismissed in rigorous evidence assessment.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge by matching each plant stem to its correct definition. This quiz will challenge your understanding of plant biology and the various functions of stems in different species. Perfect for students studying botany or plant science.

    More Like This

    Stems Module
    17 questions

    Stems Module

    InviolableBowenite avatar
    InviolableBowenite
    Biology Chapter: Plant Anatomy
    40 questions

    Biology Chapter: Plant Anatomy

    CostSavingWerewolf143 avatar
    CostSavingWerewolf143
    General Structure of Stems
    16 questions

    General Structure of Stems

    HelpfulSlideWhistle avatar
    HelpfulSlideWhistle
    Botany Chapter: Stems and Twigs
    52 questions

    Botany Chapter: Stems and Twigs

    RosyCreativity avatar
    RosyCreativity
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser