Mastering Wireless Network Administration
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Questions and Answers

What is an isotropic radiator?

  • An isotropic radiator is a point source that radiates signal with varying intensity in different directions.
  • An isotropic radiator is a point source that does not radiate any signal.
  • An isotropic radiator is a point source that radiates signal in a specific direction only.
  • An isotropic radiator is a point source that radiates signal equally in all directions. (correct)
  • What do electric and magnetic fields do in relation to each other?

  • Electric and Magnetic fields are parallel to each other, moving towards the source.
  • Electric and Magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other, moving towards the source.
  • Electric and Magnetic fields are perpendicular to one another, moving into space away from the source. (correct)
  • Electric and Magnetic fields are parallel to each other, moving into space away from the source.
  • What do antennas convert electrical current into?

  • Antennas convert electrical current into magnetic fields.
  • Antennas convert electrical current into electric fields.
  • Antennas convert electrical current into isotropic radiation.
  • Antennas convert electrical current into RF waves. (correct)
  • What is the purpose of an RF cable in the context of antenna radios?

    <p>The electrical current is carried by a conductive RF cable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measurement of beamwidth?

    <p>The distance from the strongest point to the half power points, measured in degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between dBi and dBd?

    <p>dBi measures gain relative to an isotropic radiator, while dBd measures gain relative to a half-wave dipole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do azimuth and elevation charts represent?

    <p>Radiation patterns of a particular model of antenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antenna radiates RF in a fashion similar to the way a table or floor-lamp radiates light?

    <p>Omnidirectional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two key conditions that must be met when substituting an antenna in a certified wireless system according to FCC regulations?

    <p>The gain of the new antenna must be the same or lower, and the new antenna must be of the same type with similar characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) in RF communications systems?

    <p>1.1:1 to 1.5:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Lightning Arrestors in an RF communications system?

    <p>To detect incoming over-voltages induced by nearby lightning strikes and shunt the current to earth ground.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the FCC require for wireless systems to be authorized as a system?

    <p>The use of non-certified equipment with an intentional radiator must follow specific guidelines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antennas are used for strictly point-to-point communications?

    <p>Parabolic Dish and Grid antennas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of beamforming uses directional antennas to provide a fixed radiation pattern?

    <p>Static beamforming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which environments are indoor directional antennas, such as MIMO patch antennas, commonly used?

    <p>Libraries and warehouses with long aisles of shelves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does antenna polarization refer to?

    <p>The orientation of the RF waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the radius of the first Fresnel zone at any point?

    <p>$72.2 \times \left[ \frac{N \times d1 \times d2}{F \times D} \right]$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the height of the earth bulge when considering the curvature of the earth for a link greater than 7 miles?

    <p>$H = \frac{D^2}{8}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of antenna diversity in a wireless device?

    <p>Minimize the negative effects of multipath by using multiple antennas and receivers functioning together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impedance value that must match when connecting RF equipment such as access point connectors, cabling, connectors, and antennas?

    <p>50 ohms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An isotropic radiator radiates signal equally in all directions, similar to the sun.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The earth bulge is a factor to consider when determining the Fresnel zone radius for wireless links greater than 7 miles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antennas convert electrical current into RF waves by modulating a baseband signal onto an electrical current.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sun is an example of an isotropic radiator, as it generates equal amounts of energy in all directions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An omnidirectional antenna radiates RF in a bagel-shaped pattern and is typically used for point-to-point networks

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 0 dBd measurement for antenna gain is equivalent to 2.14 dBi

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scale of an azimuth or elevation chart is logarithmic, not linear

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The beamwidth of an antenna is the measurement from the center of the antenna signal to each of the points along the horizontal and vertical axes, where the signal decreases by half power (-3 dB)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a measurement of the change in impedances to an AC signal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VSWR military specs are 1.1:1.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lightning arrestors fully protect against a direct lightning strike.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    FCC allows the use of third-party antennas with no restrictions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semidirectional antennas are not suitable for short to medium distance communications

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Highly directional antennas are used for strictly point-to-point communications

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dynamic beamforming involves utilizing adaptive antenna arrays to provide a fixed radiation pattern

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visual Line of Sight (LOS) has no impact on successful RF transmission

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The formula for calculating the radius of the first Fresnel zone at any point is $72.2 \times \left[\frac{(N \times d1 \times d2)},{(F \times D)}\right]$

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Antenna diversity exists when a wireless device has two antennas and receivers functioning together, using switched diversity to minimize the negative effects of multipath

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: MIMO antennas typically consist of 3 omnidirectional antennas for indoor use, while outdoor MIMO antennas usually have 2 antennas per radio

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: RF cabling introduces signal loss into a communications link and the higher the grade of cable, the more the loss

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An isotropic radiator radiates signal equally in all ______

    <p>directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electric and Magnetic fields are perpendicular to one another, moving into space away from the ______

    <p>source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antennas convert electrical current into RF ______

    <p>waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electrical current is carried by a conductive RF ______

    <p>cable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An isotropic radiator radiates signal equally in all directions, similar to the ______

    <p>sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scale of an azimuth or elevation chart is ______, not linear

    <p>logarithmic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measurement of beamwidth?

    <p>Beamwidth is the measurement of how broad or narrow the focus of an antenna is— and is measured both horizontally and vertically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a measurement of the change in impedances to an AC ______

    <p>signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Highly directional antennas are used for strictly point-to-point communications and include ______ antennas

    <p>Parabolic Dish and Grid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antenna arrays can perform beamforming, concentrating RF energy, with three types: ______, Dynamic, and Transmit

    <p>Static</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Directional antennas are commonly used in very ______ environments to reduce Cochannel Interference (CCI)

    <p>high density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indoor directional antennas, such as MIMO patch antennas, are used in environments like ______ with long aisles of shelves

    <p>libraries and warehouses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legacy APs use ______ antenna diversity to minimize the negative effects of multipath, where the signal with the best amplitude is chosen and others are ignored.

    <p>switched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antenna accessories such as cables, connectors, splitters, amplifiers, attenuators, lightning arrestors, grounding rods, and wires are essential for proper ______.

    <p>installation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RF cabling introduces signal loss into a communications link and the higher the grade of cable, the ______ the loss.

    <p>less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The curvature of the earth must be considered if the link is greater than 7 miles, with the formula for the height of the earth bulge being $H = rac{D^2}{8}$ in feet.

    <p>H = \frac{D^2}{8}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is a ratio measurement of an impedance mismatch:  1:1 (no impedance) being optimal but unobtainable.  Typical values range from 1.1:1 to as much as 1.5:1.  ______ military specs are 1.1:1. 50 Ohms Negative effects of ______:  Decreased signal amplitude (return loss)  Erratic signal amplitude  Transmitter or amplifier failure 75 Ohms

    <p>VSWR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is a measurement of the change in impedances to an AC signal. 50 Ohms  Voltage standing waves exist because of impedance mismatches or variations between devices in an RF communications system.  When the transmitter generates the AC radio signal, the signal travels along the cable to the antenna. Some of the energy is reflected back toward the transmitter because of impedance mismatch. 75 Ohms

    <p>Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VSWR is a measurement of the change in impedances to an AC signal. ________ Ohms  Voltage standing waves exist because of impedance mismatches or variations between devices in an RF communications system.  When the transmitter generates the AC radio signal, the signal travels along the cable to the antenna. Some of the energy is reflected back toward the transmitter because of impedance mismatch. ________ Ohms

    <p>50, 75</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bi-metal conductors or gas discharge tubes  Detect incoming over-voltages induced by nearby lightning strikes  Shunt the current to earth ground  Cannot fully protect against a direct lightning strike Coaxial Gas Discharge Tube Surge Protectors

    <p>Lightning Arrestors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their appropriate descriptions:

    <p>VSWR = Measurement of impedance mismatch in an RF communications system Lightning Arrestors = Detect incoming over-voltages induced by nearby lightning strikes and shunt the current to earth ground FCC Certified System = Regulators require wireless systems to be authorized as a system and allow use of non-certified equipment with specific guidelines Antenna Diversity = Minimizes negative effects of multipath by using multiple antennas and receivers functioning together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>dBi = Decibels relative to an isotropic radiator dBd = Decibels relative to a half-wave dipole Azimuth = Top-down view represented in an azimuth chart Elevation = Side view represented in an elevation chart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following antenna types with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Omnidirectional = Radiates in all directions, providing general coverage Semidirectional = Provides wide directional focus Highly directional = Offers narrow directional focus Dipole antenna = Typical coverage pattern is bagel-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Beamwidth = Measurement of how broad or narrow the focus of an antenna is Polar charts = Also known as radiation patterns, created in controlled environments Antenna diversity = Utilized to minimize the negative effects of multipath VSWR = Ratio measurement of an impedance mismatch in RF communications systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with their correct details:

    <p>Logarithmic scale = Used in azimuth and elevation charts, representing signal strength Half-wave dipole antenna = Equivalency of 0 dBd to 2.14 dBi Radiation patterns = Represent the signal pattern radiated by a particular model of antenna Outer ring of azimuth or elevation chart = Usually represents the strongest signal strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Isotropic Radiator = A point source that radiates signal equally in all directions Electric Field = Perpendicular to the magnetic field, moving into space away from the source Antenna Diversity = Minimizes the negative effects of multipath by using multiple antennas and receivers together VSWR = Measurement of the change in impedances to an AC signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Azimuth and Elevation Charts = Represent the radiation pattern of an antenna in the horizontal and vertical planes Earth Bulge = Factor to consider when determining the Fresnel zone radius for wireless links greater than 7 miles Antenna Accessories = Essential for proper antenna connection and installation, including cables, connectors, and lightning arrestors Beamwidth = Measurement from the center of the antenna signal to each of the points along the horizontal and vertical axes, where the signal decreases by half power (-3 dB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their purposes:

    <p>RF Cable = Carries the electrical current for antenna radios and introduces signal loss into a communications link Antenna Arrays = Perform beamforming, concentrating RF energy using static, dynamic, and transmit beamforming Lightning Arrestors = Protect against over-voltages induced by nearby lightning strikes and shunt the current to earth ground Antenna Polarization = Refers to the orientation of the electric field in relation to the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with their accuracy:

    <p>True = Dynamic beamforming involves utilizing adaptive antenna arrays to provide a fixed radiation pattern False = FCC allows the use of third-party antennas with no restrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of antenna array with its description:

    <p>Static = Provides a fixed radiation pattern, also known as sectorized array Dynamic = Focuses RF energy in a specific direction and shape, utilizing adaptive antenna arrays Transmit = Involves transmitting phase-shifted signals to arrive in-phase at the receiver's location Beamforming = Concentrating RF energy with three types: Static, Dynamic, and Transmit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of directional antenna with its common usage environment:

    <p>Semidirectional antennas = Used for short to medium distance communications Highly directional antennas = Used for strictly point-to-point communications Sector antennas = Provide high-gain, semidirectional coverage with a pie-shaped pattern and narrow vertical beamwidth MIMO patch antennas = Used in environments like libraries and warehouses with long aisles of shelves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of outdoor semidirectional antenna with its common usage:

    <p>Yagi antennas = Used for building-to-building WLAN communications Grid antennas = Used for strictly point-to-point communications Parabolic Dish antennas = Provide high-gain, semidirectional coverage with a pie-shaped pattern and narrow vertical beamwidth Sector antennas = Provide high-gain, semidirectional coverage with a pie-shaped pattern and narrow vertical beamwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term related to antenna characteristics with its definition:

    <p>Visual Line of Sight (LOS) = The perceived straight line that light travels along, with no bearing on successful RF transmission Antenna polarization = Refers to the orientation of the RF waves, which should match between transmitting and receiving antennas Isotropic radiator = Radiates signal equally in all directions, similar to the sun Beamwidth = The measurement of the change in impedances to an AC signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the antenna diversity method with its description:

    <p>Switched diversity = Legacy APs use this method to choose the signal with the best amplitude and ignore others MIMO = A more sophisticated form used by 802.11n and 802.11ac radios, enhancing reliability, range, and throughput Antenna diversity = Exists when a wireless device has two antennas and receivers functioning together to minimize the negative effects of multipath Dynamic beamforming = Involves utilizing adaptive antenna arrays to provide a fixed radiation pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the RF cabling consideration with its description:

    <p>VSWR = A ratio measurement of an impedance mismatch, with typical values ranging from 1.1:1 to as much as 1.5:1 Impedance = Must match when connecting RF equipment such as access point connectors, cabling, connectors, and antennas Signal loss = Introduced into a communications link, with the higher grade of cable resulting in less loss Antenna accessories = Essential for proper installation, including cables, connectors, splitters, amplifiers, attenuators, lightning arrestors, grounding rods, and wires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the wireless system consideration with its description:

    <p>Fresnel zone = The area around the point source where the waves are in phase with the signal, and the radius is calculated using the formula $72.2 imes \left[\frac{(N \times d1 \times d2)}{(F \times D)}\right]$ Earth curvature = Must be considered if the link is greater than 7 miles, with the formula for the height of the earth bulge being $H = \frac{D^2}{8}$ in feet Antenna connection = Considers VSWR, signal loss, mounting, orientation, alignment, safety, and maintenance Antenna polarization = Refers to the orientation of the electric field in the radiated RF signal, affecting signal propagation and multipath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the antenna type with its description:

    <p>Omnidirectional = Radiates RF in a bagel-shaped pattern and is typically used for point-to-multipoint networks Semidirectional = Suitable for medium-distance communications, offering a compromise between highly directional and omnidirectional antennas Highly directional = Used for strictly point-to-point communications and includes parabolic antennas Isotropic radiator = Radiates signal equally in all directions, similar to the sun, and is a theoretical reference point for antenna measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Certified Wireless Network Administrator: CWNA – PW0-108

    • The formula for calculating the radius of the first Fresnel zone at any point is 72.2 x [(N x d1 x d2) ÷ (F x D)].
    • The first Fresnel zone is the area around the point source where the waves are in phase with the signal, while the second zone is beyond the first zone and the waves are out of phase.
    • The curvature of the earth must be considered if the link is greater than 7 miles, with the formula for the height of the earth bulge being H = D2 ÷ 8 in feet.
    • Antenna diversity exists when a wireless device has two antennas and receivers functioning together, using switched diversity to minimize the negative effects of multipath.
    • Legacy APs use switched antenna diversity to minimize the negative effects of multipath, where the signal with the best amplitude is chosen and others are ignored.
    • Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is a more sophisticated form of antenna diversity used by 802.11n and 802.11ac radios, enhancing reliability, range, and throughput.
    • MIMO antennas typically consist of 3 omnidirectional antennas for indoor use, while outdoor MIMO antennas usually have 2 antennas per radio.
    • Antenna connection and installation considerations include VSWR, signal loss, mounting, orientation, alignment, safety, and maintenance.
    • Antenna accessories such as cables, connectors, splitters, amplifiers, attenuators, lightning arrestors, grounding rods, and wires are essential for proper installation.
    • RF cabling introduces signal loss into a communications link and the higher the grade of cable, the less the loss.
    • Impedance, with a value of 50 ohms, must match when connecting RF equipment such as access point connectors, cabling, connectors, and antennas.
    • The text also mentions various standards and ratings such as Ingress Protection Rating (IP Code), National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Enclosure Rating, "Appareils destinés à être utilisés en ATmosphères Explosives" (ATEX) Directives, and National Electrical Code (NEC) hazardous locations.

    Certified Wireless Network Administrator: CWNA – PW0-108

    • The formula for calculating the radius of the first Fresnel zone at any point is 72.2 x [(N x d1 x d2) ÷ (F x D)].
    • The first Fresnel zone is the area around the point source where the waves are in phase with the signal, while the second zone is beyond the first zone and the waves are out of phase.
    • The curvature of the earth must be considered if the link is greater than 7 miles, with the formula for the height of the earth bulge being H = D2 ÷ 8 in feet.
    • Antenna diversity exists when a wireless device has two antennas and receivers functioning together, using switched diversity to minimize the negative effects of multipath.
    • Legacy APs use switched antenna diversity to minimize the negative effects of multipath, where the signal with the best amplitude is chosen and others are ignored.
    • Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is a more sophisticated form of antenna diversity used by 802.11n and 802.11ac radios, enhancing reliability, range, and throughput.
    • MIMO antennas typically consist of 3 omnidirectional antennas for indoor use, while outdoor MIMO antennas usually have 2 antennas per radio.
    • Antenna connection and installation considerations include VSWR, signal loss, mounting, orientation, alignment, safety, and maintenance.
    • Antenna accessories such as cables, connectors, splitters, amplifiers, attenuators, lightning arrestors, grounding rods, and wires are essential for proper installation.
    • RF cabling introduces signal loss into a communications link and the higher the grade of cable, the less the loss.
    • Impedance, with a value of 50 ohms, must match when connecting RF equipment such as access point connectors, cabling, connectors, and antennas.
    • The text also mentions various standards and ratings such as Ingress Protection Rating (IP Code), National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Enclosure Rating, "Appareils destinés à être utilisés en ATmosphères Explosives" (ATEX) Directives, and National Electrical Code (NEC) hazardous locations.

    Certified Wireless Network Administrator: CWNA – PW0-108

    • The formula for calculating the radius of the first Fresnel zone at any point is 72.2 x [(N x d1 x d2) ÷ (F x D)].
    • The first Fresnel zone is the area around the point source where the waves are in phase with the signal, while the second zone is beyond the first zone and the waves are out of phase.
    • The curvature of the earth must be considered if the link is greater than 7 miles, with the formula for the height of the earth bulge being H = D2 ÷ 8 in feet.
    • Antenna diversity exists when a wireless device has two antennas and receivers functioning together, using switched diversity to minimize the negative effects of multipath.
    • Legacy APs use switched antenna diversity to minimize the negative effects of multipath, where the signal with the best amplitude is chosen and others are ignored.
    • Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is a more sophisticated form of antenna diversity used by 802.11n and 802.11ac radios, enhancing reliability, range, and throughput.
    • MIMO antennas typically consist of 3 omnidirectional antennas for indoor use, while outdoor MIMO antennas usually have 2 antennas per radio.
    • Antenna connection and installation considerations include VSWR, signal loss, mounting, orientation, alignment, safety, and maintenance.
    • Antenna accessories such as cables, connectors, splitters, amplifiers, attenuators, lightning arrestors, grounding rods, and wires are essential for proper installation.
    • RF cabling introduces signal loss into a communications link and the higher the grade of cable, the less the loss.
    • Impedance, with a value of 50 ohms, must match when connecting RF equipment such as access point connectors, cabling, connectors, and antennas.
    • The text also mentions various standards and ratings such as Ingress Protection Rating (IP Code), National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Enclosure Rating, "Appareils destinés à être utilisés en ATmosphères Explosives" (ATEX) Directives, and National Electrical Code (NEC) hazardous locations.

    Certified Wireless Network Administrator: CWNA – PW0-108

    • The formula for calculating the radius of the first Fresnel zone at any point is 72.2 x [(N x d1 x d2) ÷ (F x D)].
    • The first Fresnel zone is the area around the point source where the waves are in phase with the signal, while the second zone is beyond the first zone and the waves are out of phase.
    • The curvature of the earth must be considered if the link is greater than 7 miles, with the formula for the height of the earth bulge being H = D2 ÷ 8 in feet.
    • Antenna diversity exists when a wireless device has two antennas and receivers functioning together, using switched diversity to minimize the negative effects of multipath.
    • Legacy APs use switched antenna diversity to minimize the negative effects of multipath, where the signal with the best amplitude is chosen and others are ignored.
    • Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is a more sophisticated form of antenna diversity used by 802.11n and 802.11ac radios, enhancing reliability, range, and throughput.
    • MIMO antennas typically consist of 3 omnidirectional antennas for indoor use, while outdoor MIMO antennas usually have 2 antennas per radio.
    • Antenna connection and installation considerations include VSWR, signal loss, mounting, orientation, alignment, safety, and maintenance.
    • Antenna accessories such as cables, connectors, splitters, amplifiers, attenuators, lightning arrestors, grounding rods, and wires are essential for proper installation.
    • RF cabling introduces signal loss into a communications link and the higher the grade of cable, the less the loss.
    • Impedance, with a value of 50 ohms, must match when connecting RF equipment such as access point connectors, cabling, connectors, and antennas.
    • The text also mentions various standards and ratings such as Ingress Protection Rating (IP Code), National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Enclosure Rating, "Appareils destinés à être utilisés en ATmosphères Explosives" (ATEX) Directives, and National Electrical Code (NEC) hazardous locations.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of wireless network administration with the CWNA – PW0-108 quiz. Covering topics such as Fresnel zones, antenna diversity, MIMO, RF cabling, impedance matching, and standards and ratings, this quiz will challenge your understanding of key concepts and considerations in wireless networking.

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