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Questions and Answers
Which structures compose the urinary system?
Which structures compose the urinary system?
- Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra (correct)
- Lungs, heart, stomach, intestines
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
- Liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder
What is the general function of the kidneys?
What is the general function of the kidneys?
- Pump blood throughout the body
- Regulate body temperature
- Produce hormones for digestion
- Filter blood and remove waste products (correct)
What is the function of the ureters?
What is the function of the ureters?
- Digest food and absorb nutrients
- Store urine temporarily
- Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder (correct)
- Exchange gases during respiration
Which structure of the urinary system forms urine?
Which structure of the urinary system forms urine?
What tissue composes the fibrous capsule that directly adheres to the kidney?
What tissue composes the fibrous capsule that directly adheres to the kidney?
What are the regions of the kidney that drain urine?
What are the regions of the kidney that drain urine?
What three anatomic structures of the kidney are innervated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
What three anatomic structures of the kidney are innervated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological process involved in extrinsic control of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological process involved in extrinsic control of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on GFR?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on GFR?
Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin II?
Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin II?
What effect does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) have on GFR?
What effect does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) have on GFR?
Which of the following substances is NOT freely filtered through the glomerular filtration membrane?
Which of the following substances is NOT freely filtered through the glomerular filtration membrane?
What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is 60 mmHg, the blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) is 32 mmHg, and the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) is 18 mmHg?
What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is 60 mmHg, the blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) is 32 mmHg, and the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) is 18 mmHg?
What are the three interrelated processes involved in urine formation?
What are the three interrelated processes involved in urine formation?
What is the function of mesangial cells in the glomerulus?
What is the function of mesangial cells in the glomerulus?
Does urine production increase, decrease, or stay the same in response to an increase in glomerular filtration rate?
Does urine production increase, decrease, or stay the same in response to an increase in glomerular filtration rate?
What are the three factors that regulate glomerular filtration rate?
What are the three factors that regulate glomerular filtration rate?
Renal autoregulation is effective with a MAP between 80 and 180 mm Hg. Would renal autoregulation be effective in an individual with a blood pressure of 300/150 mm Hg?
Renal autoregulation is effective with a MAP between 80 and 180 mm Hg. Would renal autoregulation be effective in an individual with a blood pressure of 300/150 mm Hg?
Explain the reabsorption of nutrients such as glucose.
Explain the reabsorption of nutrients such as glucose.
Which of the following is NOT an intrinsic control mechanism for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Which of the following is NOT an intrinsic control mechanism for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Which of the following is an extrinsic control mechanism for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Which of the following is an extrinsic control mechanism for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Which of the following is a limitation to maintaining GFR through renal autoregulation?
Which of the following is a limitation to maintaining GFR through renal autoregulation?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the myogenic response?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the myogenic response?
Which two structures compose the renal corpuscle?
Which two structures compose the renal corpuscle?
What is the order of the components of a renal tubule?
What is the order of the components of a renal tubule?
What differences exist between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?
What differences exist between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?
Differentiate between the functions of principal cells and the intercalated cells within the kidney.
Differentiate between the functions of principal cells and the intercalated cells within the kidney.
Which structure of the urinary system stores urine?
Which structure of the urinary system stores urine?
What is the general function of the kidneys?
What is the general function of the kidneys?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the urinary system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the urinary system?
Which two components make up a nephron in the kidney?
Which two components make up a nephron in the kidney?
What is the relative position of the renal corpuscle in a juxtamedullary nephron?
What is the relative position of the renal corpuscle in a juxtamedullary nephron?
Which type of epithelial cells are found in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules and ducts?
Which type of epithelial cells are found in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules and ducts?
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney?
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney?
Which of the following is NOT a variable influenced by net filtration pressure?
Which of the following is NOT a variable influenced by net filtration pressure?
Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic control mechanism for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic control mechanism for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
What is the myogenic response of the afferent arteriole to decreased blood pressure?
What is the myogenic response of the afferent arteriole to decreased blood pressure?
What is the effect of increased blood pressure on the myogenic response of the afferent arteriole?
What is the effect of increased blood pressure on the myogenic response of the afferent arteriole?
Which substance is excreted in urine when its transport maximum (Tm) is exceeded?
Which substance is excreted in urine when its transport maximum (Tm) is exceeded?
What is the maximum rate of substance that can be reabsorbed (or secreted) across tubule epithelium per a certain time?
What is the maximum rate of substance that can be reabsorbed (or secreted) across tubule epithelium per a certain time?
What is the maximum plasma concentration of a substance that can be transported in the blood without appearing in the urine?
What is the maximum plasma concentration of a substance that can be transported in the blood without appearing in the urine?
What causes the excretion of glucose in urine?
What causes the excretion of glucose in urine?
Which of the following hormones is released from the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to low blood pressure?
Which of the following hormones is released from the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to low blood pressure?
Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin II?
Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin II?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is 70 mmHg, the blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) is 25 mmHg, and the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) is 15 mmHg?
What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is 70 mmHg, the blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) is 25 mmHg, and the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) is 15 mmHg?
Which of the following substances is freely filtered through the glomerular filtration membrane?
Which of the following substances is freely filtered through the glomerular filtration membrane?
What is the function of mesangial cells in the glomerulus?
What is the function of mesangial cells in the glomerulus?
What are the three layers that make up the glomerular filtration membrane?
What are the three layers that make up the glomerular filtration membrane?
What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is 60 mmHg, the blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) is 32 mmHg, and the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) is 18 mmHg?
What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is 60 mmHg, the blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) is 32 mmHg, and the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) is 18 mmHg?
Which two structures compose the renal corpuscle?
Which two structures compose the renal corpuscle?
What is the order of the components of a renal tubule?
What is the order of the components of a renal tubule?
Differentiate between the functions of principal cells and the intercalated cells within the kidney.
Differentiate between the functions of principal cells and the intercalated cells within the kidney.
What are the two primary cellular components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, and how is each stimulated?
What are the two primary cellular components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, and how is each stimulated?
Study Notes
Urinary System Structure
- The urinary system is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
- The kidneys form urine, and the ureters transport it to the bladder for storage.
Kidney Function
- The general function of the kidneys is to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.
- The kidneys are innervated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
- The regions of the kidney that drain urine are the calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
- The three factors that regulate GFR are renal autoregulation, extrinsic control, and intrinsic control.
- Renal autoregulation is effective with a mean arterial pressure (MAP) between 80 and 180 mm Hg.
- Sympathetic stimulation decreases GFR.
- Angiotensin II increases GFR.
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases GFR.
- Net filtration pressure (NFP) is the balance of glomerular hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, and capsular hydrostatic pressure.
Urine Formation
- The three interrelated processes involved in urine formation are filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
- Mesangial cells in the glomerulus regulate blood flow and glomerular filtration.
- Increased GFR increases urine production.
Renal Corpuscle and Nephron
- The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
- A nephron is composed of a renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
- The order of the components of a renal tubule is proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting tubules and ducts.
Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons
- Cortical nephrons have shorter loops of Henle and are primarily involved in sodium reabsorption.
- Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle and are primarily involved in water reabsorption.
Epithelial Cells
- Principal cells are found in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules and ducts, and are involved in sodium and water reabsorption.
- Intercalated cells are found in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules and ducts, and are involved in acid-base regulation.
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
- The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of granular cells and is involved in the regulation of blood pressure.
- Renin is released from the granular cells in response to low blood pressure.
Glomerular Filtration Membrane
- The glomerular filtration membrane is composed of three layers: endothelial cells, basement membrane, and podocytes.
- The glomerular filtration membrane allows for the free filtration of small molecules, such as glucose, but not larger molecules, such as proteins.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Control Mechanisms
- Intrinsic control mechanisms include the myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback.
- Extrinsic control mechanisms include the sympathetic nervous system and hormones, such as angiotensin II and ANP.
Renal Autoregulation
- Renal autoregulation is the ability of the kidneys to maintain a constant GFR despite changes in blood pressure.
- The myogenic response is a mechanism of renal autoregulation that involves the contraction of afferent arterioles in response to increased blood pressure.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the human body. This quiz covers topics such as neural and hormonal control, the role of extrinsic controls in changing GFR, and the effect of sympathetic stimulation on GFR. Challenge yourself and learn more about the intricate processes involved in maintaining GFR.
