Chapter 24 Practice Questions
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Questions and Answers

Which structures compose the urinary system?

  • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra (correct)
  • Lungs, heart, stomach, intestines
  • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
  • Liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder

    • What is the general function of the kidneys?

  • Pump blood throughout the body
  • Regulate body temperature
  • Produce hormones for digestion
  • Filter blood and remove waste products (correct)

    • What is the function of the ureters?

  • Digest food and absorb nutrients
  • Store urine temporarily
  • Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder (correct)
  • Exchange gases during respiration

    • Which structure of the urinary system forms urine?

    <p>Renal corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tissue composes the fibrous capsule that directly adheres to the kidney?

    <p>Dense irregular CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the regions of the kidney that drain urine?

    <p>Collecting tubules and collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What three anatomic structures of the kidney are innervated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Blood vessels of the kidney, juxtaglomerular apparatus, and kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a physiological process involved in extrinsic control of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>Renal autoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on GFR?

    <p>Decrease in GFR through vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin II?

    <p>Stimulation of ADH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) have on GFR?

    <p>Increase in GFR through relaxation of afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is NOT freely filtered through the glomerular filtration membrane?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is 60 mmHg, the blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) is 32 mmHg, and the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) is 18 mmHg?

    <p>10 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three interrelated processes involved in urine formation?

    <p>Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mesangial cells in the glomerulus?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does urine production increase, decrease, or stay the same in response to an increase in glomerular filtration rate?

    <p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three factors that regulate glomerular filtration rate?

    <p>Blood pressure, blood flow, and filtration membrane permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renal autoregulation is effective with a MAP between 80 and 180 mm Hg. Would renal autoregulation be effective in an individual with a blood pressure of 300/150 mm Hg?

    <p>No, renal autoregulation would not be effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the reabsorption of nutrients such as glucose.

    <p>Glucose is reabsorbed by active transport in the proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an intrinsic control mechanism for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>Changing luminal diameter of afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an extrinsic control mechanism for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>Sympathetic division stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a limitation to maintaining GFR through renal autoregulation?

    <p>Increase in blood pressure above 180 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the myogenic response?

    <p>Contraction of smooth muscle in response to stretch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two structures compose the renal corpuscle?

    <p>Bowman's capsule and glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order of the components of a renal tubule?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differences exist between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephrons have their renal corpuscles adjacent to the corticomedullary junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiate between the functions of principal cells and the intercalated cells within the kidney.

    <p>Principal cells help regulate urine pH, while intercalated cells are responsive to hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the urinary system stores urine?

    <p>Bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general function of the kidneys?

    <p>Filter blood and remove waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the urinary system?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two components make up a nephron in the kidney?

    <p>Renal corpuscle and renal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative position of the renal corpuscle in a juxtamedullary nephron?

    <p>Near the cortex-medulla junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial cells are found in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules and ducts?

    <p>Principal cells and intercalated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney?

    <p>Regulates blood pressure and filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a variable influenced by net filtration pressure?

    <p>Substances in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic control mechanism for regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>Changing luminal diameter of afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the myogenic response of the afferent arteriole to decreased blood pressure?

    <p>Relaxation of smooth muscle and dilation of vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased blood pressure on the myogenic response of the afferent arteriole?

    <p>Contraction of smooth muscle and constriction of vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is excreted in urine when its transport maximum (Tm) is exceeded?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum rate of substance that can be reabsorbed (or secreted) across tubule epithelium per a certain time?

    <p>Transport maximum (Tm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum plasma concentration of a substance that can be transported in the blood without appearing in the urine?

    <p>Renal threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the excretion of glucose in urine?

    <p>High plasma glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is released from the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to low blood pressure?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin II?

    <p>Relaxation of the afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>Sympathetic stimulation decreases GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is 70 mmHg, the blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) is 25 mmHg, and the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) is 15 mmHg?

    <p>20 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is freely filtered through the glomerular filtration membrane?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mesangial cells in the glomerulus?

    <p>Phagocytic cells that remove debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three layers that make up the glomerular filtration membrane?

    <p>Endothelium, basement membrane, and visceral layer of glomerular capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) if the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is 60 mmHg, the blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) is 32 mmHg, and the capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) is 18 mmHg?

    <p>10 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two structures compose the renal corpuscle?

    <p>Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order of the components of a renal tubule?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiate between the functions of principal cells and the intercalated cells within the kidney.

    <p>Principal cells respond to hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), while intercalated cells regulate urine pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary cellular components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, and how is each stimulated?

    <p>Granular cells, which are stimulated by stretch, and macula densa, which are stimulated by changes in NaCl concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urinary System Structure

    • The urinary system is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
    • The kidneys form urine, and the ureters transport it to the bladder for storage.

    Kidney Function

    • The general function of the kidneys is to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.
    • The kidneys are innervated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
    • The regions of the kidney that drain urine are the calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters.

    Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

    • The three factors that regulate GFR are renal autoregulation, extrinsic control, and intrinsic control.
    • Renal autoregulation is effective with a mean arterial pressure (MAP) between 80 and 180 mm Hg.
    • Sympathetic stimulation decreases GFR.
    • Angiotensin II increases GFR.
    • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases GFR.
    • Net filtration pressure (NFP) is the balance of glomerular hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, and capsular hydrostatic pressure.

    Urine Formation

    • The three interrelated processes involved in urine formation are filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
    • Mesangial cells in the glomerulus regulate blood flow and glomerular filtration.
    • Increased GFR increases urine production.

    Renal Corpuscle and Nephron

    • The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
    • A nephron is composed of a renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
    • The order of the components of a renal tubule is proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting tubules and ducts.

    Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons

    • Cortical nephrons have shorter loops of Henle and are primarily involved in sodium reabsorption.
    • Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle and are primarily involved in water reabsorption.

    Epithelial Cells

    • Principal cells are found in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules and ducts, and are involved in sodium and water reabsorption.
    • Intercalated cells are found in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules and ducts, and are involved in acid-base regulation.

    Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

    • The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of granular cells and is involved in the regulation of blood pressure.
    • Renin is released from the granular cells in response to low blood pressure.

    Glomerular Filtration Membrane

    • The glomerular filtration membrane is composed of three layers: endothelial cells, basement membrane, and podocytes.
    • The glomerular filtration membrane allows for the free filtration of small molecules, such as glucose, but not larger molecules, such as proteins.

    Intrinsic and Extrinsic Control Mechanisms

    • Intrinsic control mechanisms include the myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback.
    • Extrinsic control mechanisms include the sympathetic nervous system and hormones, such as angiotensin II and ANP.

    Renal Autoregulation

    • Renal autoregulation is the ability of the kidneys to maintain a constant GFR despite changes in blood pressure.
    • The myogenic response is a mechanism of renal autoregulation that involves the contraction of afferent arterioles in response to increased blood pressure.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the human body. This quiz covers topics such as neural and hormonal control, the role of extrinsic controls in changing GFR, and the effect of sympathetic stimulation on GFR. Challenge yourself and learn more about the intricate processes involved in maintaining GFR.

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