8 Questions
What are AGEs and how are they formed in relation to glucose and RCS?
AGEs are Advanced Glycation End products formed from glucose and reactive carbonyl species (RCS).
How does hyperglycaemia induce the formation of RCS?
Hyperglycaemia induces the intracellular formation of RCS.
What is the polyol pathway and how is it stimulated under high glucose concentrations?
The polyol pathway produces sorbitol and fructose and is stimulated under high glucose concentrations.
What are the PKC and Hexosamine pathways and how are they involved in DM?
The PKC and Hexosamine pathways are other pathways involved in DM.
How are ROS generated in DM conditions and what are they linked to?
ROS are generated in DM conditions via the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, AGEs, and PKC activation. They are linked to the polyol pathway, Hexosamine pathway, and uncoupled state of nitric oxide.
How do AGEs cause downstream DM complications?
AGEs cause downstream DM complications by activation of receptors for AGEs (RAGEs).
What happens when RAGEs are activated?
When RAGEs are activated, second messengers and transcription factors are upregulated, leading to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators of oxidative stress.
What is UDP-GlcNAc and what is its role in vascular/renal complications?
UDP-GlcNAc is a molecule that has been implicated in the increased production and accumulation of vascular/renal complications in DM.
Study Notes
- Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized by frequent urination, increased thirst, and weight loss.
- AGEs (Advanced Glycation End products) are formed from glucose and reactive carbonyl species (RCS) and are implicated in promoting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.
- RCS are largely electrophilic and hyperglycaemia induces intracellular formation of RCS.
- The polyol pathway produces sorbitol and fructose and is stimulated under high glucose concentrations.
- PKC (Protein kinase C) pathway and Hexosamine pathway are the other pathways involved in DM.
- ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) are generated in DM conditions via the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, AGEs, and PKC activation.
- ROS are linked to the polyol pathway, Hexosamine pathway, and uncoupled state of nitric oxide.
- AGEs cause downstream DM complications by activation of receptors for AGEs (RAGEs).
- RAGEs activate second messengers and transcription factors that upregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators of oxidative stress.
- Increased production and accumulation of UDP-GlcNAc is been implicated with vascular/renal complications.
Test your knowledge on the biochemical pathways and mechanisms involved in Diabetes Mellitus with this comprehensive quiz. From the formation of AGEs and RCS to the activation of RAGEs and downstream complications, this quiz will challenge your understanding of the molecular processes underlying this disease. Brush up on your understanding of PKC, Hexosamine, and polyol pathways and their contribution to DM. Don't miss out on the opportunity to test your knowledge and learn more about this prevalent disease.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
