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Questions and Answers
What does the Nernst potential represent?
What does the Nernst potential represent?
- The energy gradient across a membrane
- The membrane voltage at which a particle moves into and out of the cell at the same rate (correct)
- The resistance of a membrane to flow
- The flow of ions (current) across a membrane
Which of the following best describes the Nernst equation?
Which of the following best describes the Nernst equation?
- An equation that calculates the energy gradient across a membrane
- An equation that calculates the flow of ions (current) across a membrane
- An equation that calculates the balance of charged particles across a membrane (correct)
- An equation that calculates the resistance of a membrane to flow
What factors does the Nernst equation take into account?
What factors does the Nernst equation take into account?
- Flow of ions (current) and resistance of the membrane to flow
- Diffusional forces, electrical fields, and the distribution of ions
- Diffusional forces, electrical fields, charge of the particle, and the ratio of the particle's concentration intracellular:extracellular (correct)
- Distribution of ions, charge of the particle, and the ratio of the particle's concentration intracellular:extracellular
Why is it helpful to understand Nernst potentials?
Why is it helpful to understand Nernst potentials?
Why is there an unequal distribution of sodium and potassium across the membrane?
Why is there an unequal distribution of sodium and potassium across the membrane?
What is the Nernst potential for potassium?
What is the Nernst potential for potassium?
What does the Goldman Field equation predict?
What does the Goldman Field equation predict?
What is the membrane potential of a neuron?
What is the membrane potential of a neuron?
Why is the membrane potential of a neuron close to, but not the same, as the equilibrium (Nernst) potential for potassium?
Why is the membrane potential of a neuron close to, but not the same, as the equilibrium (Nernst) potential for potassium?
What does the Goldman Field equation relate the membrane potential to?
What does the Goldman Field equation relate the membrane potential to?
Which forces are involved in the filtration of substances through a capillary?
Which forces are involved in the filtration of substances through a capillary?
Which forces are involved in the distribution of ions across a membrane?
Which forces are involved in the distribution of ions across a membrane?
What does the variable Lp represent in the simplified Starling forces equation?
What does the variable Lp represent in the simplified Starling forces equation?
What does the variable P represent in the simplified Starling forces equation?
What does the variable P represent in the simplified Starling forces equation?
What does the variable π represent in the simplified Starling forces equation?
What does the variable π represent in the simplified Starling forces equation?
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Study Notes
Nernst Potential and Equation
- Represents the electrical potential difference across a membrane that precisely balances the concentration gradient of a particular ion.
- The Nernst equation calculates the equilibrium potential for an ion based on its concentration inside and outside the cell.
- Factors include ion concentration gradients, temperature, and the charge of the ion.
Importance of Nernst Potentials
- Understanding Nernst potentials is crucial for interpreting how neurons generate action potentials and maintain resting membrane potential.
- Helps explain why ions move across membranes and their impact on electrical activity within cells.
Ion Distribution Across Membranes
- The unequal distribution of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase), which moves Na+ out and K+ into the cell against their concentration gradients.
Potassium's Nernst Potential
- The Nernst potential for potassium typically hovers around -90 mV, indicating the electric potential needed to balance the concentration gradient of K+ ions.
Goldman Field Equation
- The Goldman Field equation predicts the membrane potential of a neuron by taking into account the permeability of different ions, specifically Na+, K+, and Cl-.
Membrane Potential of Neurons
- The resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately -70 mV, closely related to the equilibrium potential for potassium but not identical due to the influence of sodium and other ions.
Relationship Between Membrane Potential and Equilibrium Potential
- The membrane potential is close to the potassium equilibrium potential due to higher permeability to K+ relative to Na+, but the presence of Na+ also contributes to the overall resting potential.
Forces in Filtration and Ion Distribution
- Filtration across capillaries is influenced by hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure, which balance fluid movement in and out of the capillary.
- Ion distribution across membranes is driven by concentration gradients and electrical gradients, involving diffusion and active transport mechanisms.
Simplified Starling Forces Equation Variables
- Variable Lp represents the hydraulic conductivity of the capillary wall, indicating how easily fluid can move across it.
- Variable P signifies hydrostatic pressure, the pressure exerted by fluid within capillaries.
- Variable π denotes osmotic pressure, which reflects the pulling force exerted by solutes in solution to draw water in.
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