Mastering Stable Angina
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of blood flow regulation during increased metabolic demand?

  • Vasoconstriction (correct)
  • Release of vasodilating mediators
  • Release of vasoconstricting factors
  • Vasodilation

    • Which of the following is NOT synthesized by endothelial cells as a potent vasodilating agent?

  • Endothelins (correct)
  • Nitric oxide
  • Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)
  • Prostacyclin

    • Which receptor does epinephrine activate, resulting in an increase in heart rate and contractility?

  • Alpha-2 receptors
  • Alpha-1 receptors
  • Beta-2 receptors
  • Beta-1 receptors (correct)

    • Which of the following is a major component of left ventricular afterload?

    <p>Aortic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about electrocardiographic changes during myocardial ischemia and injury?

    <p>ST segment depression and T wave inversion are seen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PR-interval on an ECG reflect?

    <p>The time for the electrical impulse to travel from the sinus node through the AV node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a highly specific biomarker for myocardial tissue injury?

    <p>CK-MB isoenzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: The CK-MB level identifies necrosis in cardiac muscles earlier than troponin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of a subendocardial myocardial infarction on an ECG?

    <p>ST segment depression and T wave changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment regimen is commonly indicated for the management of acute coronary syndrome?

    <p>MONA: Morphine/Pain medications, Oxygen, Nitrates, Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Prinzmetal's angina?

    <p>Vasospasm of the coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of angina occurs while resting and during the night or early morning hours?

    <p>Unstable angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between NSTEMI and STEMI?

    <p>The location of the myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended antiplatelet agent for the management of angina?

    <p>Aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of an acute coronary syndrome?

    <p>Atherosclerotic plaque rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of STEMI?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most probable diagnosis for Mr. David, a 65-year-old patient with severe left-sided chest pain and a history of cardiac ischemia?

    <p>Acute coronary syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ECG finding is associated with an area of infarction/necrosis?

    <p>Abnormal Q waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential complications of ACS?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the irreversible damage in the area of infarction/necrosis?

    <p>Absolute lack of blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential complications of STEMI?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for Mr. Green based on his symptoms and test results?

    <p>Stable angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the coronary circulation?

    <p>To supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction?

    <p>Myocardial ischemia is a temporary decrease in blood flow to the heart, while myocardial infarction is a complete blockage of blood flow to the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe a condition characterized by chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?

    <p>Stable angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ECG and serum biomarkers in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome?

    <p>To detect myocardial ischemia or infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you define ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in terms of pathology?

    <p>A condition characterized by a specific ECG finding indicating complete blockage of a coronary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a determinant of oxygen supply to the heart?

    <p>Preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism of blood flow regulation during increased metabolic demand?

    <p>Potassium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for stable angina?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of stable angina?

    <p>Pain in the shoulders and arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of NSTEMI?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of STEMI on an ECG?

    <p>ST segment elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for ACS?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a subendocardial myocardial infarction on an ECG?

    <p>ST segment depression and T wave inversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential reperfusion strategy for the management of acute coronary syndrome?

    <p>Cardiac catheterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary biomarker test for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction?

    <p>Troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a commonly indicated treatment regimen for the management of acute coronary syndrome?

    <p>Anticoagulant therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most suitable treatment for Mr. Green, who presents with severe chest pain that radiates to his left shoulder and lower jaw after playing soccer with his grand-daughter?

    <p>Administration of oxygen and nitroglycerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of stable angina?

    <p>Chest pain that is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most probable diagnosis for Mr. Green, who presents with severe chest pain that radiates to his left shoulder and lower jaw, and normal ECG and cardiac enzyme levels?

    <p>Stable angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of stable angina?

    <p>Chest pain relieved by rest or nitroglycerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended antiplatelet agent for the management of stable angina?

    <p>Aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of angina is caused by vasospasm of the coronary arteries rather than atherosclerosis?

    <p>Prinzmetal's angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of ischemic heart disease that includes chronic stable angina and silent myocardial ischemia?

    <p>Chronic ischemic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory tests is used to measure the red cell mass in a 100-mL plasma volume?

    <p>Hematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory tests reflects the volume or size of the red cells?

    <p>Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory tests measures the hemoglobin content of the blood?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory tests provides an index of the rate of red cell production?

    <p>Percentage of reticulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of chronic blood loss anemia?

    <p>Gastrointestinal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Increased destruction of red cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely diagnosis for the 12-year-old boy with severe chest pain and sickle cell disease?

    <p>Sickle Cell (SC) Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the cause of Mrs. Monica Geller-Bing's anemia?

    <p>Chronic blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be expected on a blood smear for Mrs. Monica Geller-Bing?

    <p>Irregularly shaped RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common worldwide cause of anemia affecting people of all ages?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best treatment for iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Administering supplemental iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what are the two major consequences of RBC sickling in sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Chronic hemolytic anemia and blood vessel occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common complication of sickle cell disease?

    <p>Acute pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of death in people with sickle cell disease?

    <p>Acute chest syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chance that Bob and Amy will have a child with sickle cell disease, given their genetic makeup (both have the HbAS genotype)?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of red blood cells?

    <p>To carry oxygen from the lung to the tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory findings is associated with anemia?

    <p>Low levels of hemoglobin and red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of megaloblastic anemias?

    <p>Enlarged red cells (MCV &gt; 100 fL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of vitamin B12-deficiency anemia?

    <p>Deficiency of intrinsic factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of vitamin B12-deficiency anemia?

    <p>Leg weakness and impaired manual dexterity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of folic acid deficiency anemia?

    <p>Cognitive impairment/mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of decreased production of erythrocytes by the bone marrow?

    <p>Bone marrow failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of anemia due to kidney failure?

    <p>Impaired production of erythrocytes by the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of aplastic anemia?

    <p>Bone marrow failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common inherited bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or defect in vWF?

    <p>Von Willebrand disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clotting factor is deficient in Hemophilia A?

    <p>Factor VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of Hemophilia A?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for Hemophilia A?

    <p>Factor VIII replacement therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a stage of hemostasis that involves the formation of a platelet plug?

    <p>Platelet adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of thrombocytosis (increased platelet levels)?

    <p>Thrombopoietin deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can prolong the prothrombin time (PT)?

    <p>Familial hypofibrinogenemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of bleeding associated with platelet disorders?

    <p>Impaired platelet function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of thrombocytopenia?

    <p>Increased platelet sequestration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause increased bleeding?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible cause of increased bleeding in individuals with bleeding disorders caused by vascular defects?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristic signs of bleeding disorders caused by vascular defects?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the coagulation studies for the infant in the case study?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely diagnosis for the case study infant based on the coagulation study results?

    <p>Hemophilia A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two laboratory tests that showed prolongations in Tony Stark's preoperative screening?

    <p>PT and PTT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnosis for Tony Stark based on the laboratory coagulation evaluation?

    <p>Decreased FX levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is Tony Stark at a higher risk for bleeding or coagulation?

    <p>Bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the vasoconstricting agents involved in vascular constriction?

    <p>Endothelin (ET), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Serotonin (5HT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following equations correctly calculates the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

    <p>MAP = DP + 1/3(PP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms is used to describe the difference between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)?

    <p>Pulse pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influence blood pressure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for sodium and water retention and increases the excretion of potassium by the kidneys?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of coarctation of the aorta?

    <p>Narrowing of the major artery that carries blood to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT influence blood pressure?

    <p>Oxygen levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In atherosclerosis, what happens to compliance and resistance to blood flow?

    <p>Compliance decreases, resistance increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following variables affects stroke volume?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors could contribute to Leo's hypertension?

    <p>Being a heavy smoker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of diuretics for the management of hypertension?

    <p>Promoting fluid excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors for the management of hypertension?

    <p>Inhibiting the production of angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of orthostatic hypotension?

    <p>Feelings of weakness, light-headedness, dizziness, blurred vision, and syncope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is particularly affected by hypertension and is at risk for the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications blocks the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and is commonly used in the management of hypertension?

    <p>Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential adverse effect of ACE inhibitors that is characterized by swelling around the mouth, nose, throat, lips, and/or tongue?

    <p>Angioedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

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