102 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of blood flow regulation during increased metabolic demand?
Vasoconstriction
Which of the following is NOT synthesized by endothelial cells as a potent vasodilating agent?
Endothelins
Which receptor does epinephrine activate, resulting in an increase in heart rate and contractility?
Beta-1 receptors
Which of the following is a major component of left ventricular afterload?
Aortic pressure
Which of the following is true about electrocardiographic changes during myocardial ischemia and injury?
ST segment depression and T wave inversion are seen
What does the PR-interval on an ECG reflect?
The time for the electrical impulse to travel from the sinus node through the AV node
Which of the following is a highly specific biomarker for myocardial tissue injury?
CK-MB isoenzyme
True or False: The CK-MB level identifies necrosis in cardiac muscles earlier than troponin.
False
What is the characteristic feature of a subendocardial myocardial infarction on an ECG?
ST segment depression and T wave changes
Which treatment regimen is commonly indicated for the management of acute coronary syndrome?
MONA: Morphine/Pain medications, Oxygen, Nitrates, Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy
What is the main cause of Prinzmetal's angina?
Vasospasm of the coronary arteries
Which type of angina occurs while resting and during the night or early morning hours?
Unstable angina
What is the main difference between NSTEMI and STEMI?
The location of the myocardial infarction
What is the recommended antiplatelet agent for the management of angina?
Aspirin
What is the primary cause of an acute coronary syndrome?
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture
Which of the following is a potential complication of STEMI?
All of the above
What is the most probable diagnosis for Mr. David, a 65-year-old patient with severe left-sided chest pain and a history of cardiac ischemia?
Acute coronary syndrome
Which ECG finding is associated with an area of infarction/necrosis?
Abnormal Q waves
What are the potential complications of ACS?
All of the above
Which factor contributes to the irreversible damage in the area of infarction/necrosis?
Absolute lack of blood flow
What are the potential complications of STEMI?
All of the above
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for Mr. Green based on his symptoms and test results?
Stable angina
What is the main purpose of the coronary circulation?
To supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients
What is the difference between myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction?
Myocardial ischemia is a temporary decrease in blood flow to the heart, while myocardial infarction is a complete blockage of blood flow to the heart.
Which term is used to describe a condition characterized by chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?
Stable angina
What is the role of ECG and serum biomarkers in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome?
To detect myocardial ischemia or infarction
How would you define ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in terms of pathology?
A condition characterized by a specific ECG finding indicating complete blockage of a coronary artery
Which of the following is a determinant of oxygen supply to the heart?
Preload
Which of the following is a mechanism of blood flow regulation during increased metabolic demand?
Potassium ions
Which of the following is a risk factor for stable angina?
All of the above
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of stable angina?
Pain in the shoulders and arms
Which of the following is a potential complication of NSTEMI?
Heart failure
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of STEMI on an ECG?
ST segment elevation
Which of the following is a risk factor for ACS?
Hypertension
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a subendocardial myocardial infarction on an ECG?
ST segment depression and T wave inversion
Which of the following is NOT a potential reperfusion strategy for the management of acute coronary syndrome?
Cardiac catheterization
Which of the following is a primary biomarker test for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction?
Troponin
Which of the following is NOT a commonly indicated treatment regimen for the management of acute coronary syndrome?
Anticoagulant therapy
Which of the following is the most suitable treatment for Mr. Green, who presents with severe chest pain that radiates to his left shoulder and lower jaw after playing soccer with his grand-daughter?
Administration of oxygen and nitroglycerin
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of stable angina?
Chest pain that is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
Which of the following is the most probable diagnosis for Mr. Green, who presents with severe chest pain that radiates to his left shoulder and lower jaw, and normal ECG and cardiac enzyme levels?
Stable angina
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of stable angina?
Chest pain relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
What is the recommended antiplatelet agent for the management of stable angina?
Aspirin
Which type of angina is caused by vasospasm of the coronary arteries rather than atherosclerosis?
Prinzmetal's angina
What is the classification of ischemic heart disease that includes chronic stable angina and silent myocardial ischemia?
Chronic ischemic heart disease
Which of the following laboratory tests is used to measure the red cell mass in a 100-mL plasma volume?
Hematocrit
Which of the following laboratory tests reflects the volume or size of the red cells?
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Which of the following laboratory tests measures the hemoglobin content of the blood?
Hemoglobin
Which of the following laboratory tests provides an index of the rate of red cell production?
Percentage of reticulocytes
Which of the following is a cause of chronic blood loss anemia?
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of hemolytic anemia?
Increased destruction of red cells
What is the most likely diagnosis for the 12-year-old boy with severe chest pain and sickle cell disease?
Sickle Cell (SC) Anemia
According to the text, what is the cause of Mrs. Monica Geller-Bing's anemia?
Chronic blood loss
What will be expected on a blood smear for Mrs. Monica Geller-Bing?
Irregularly shaped RBCs
What is the most common worldwide cause of anemia affecting people of all ages?
Iron deficiency anemia
What is the best treatment for iron deficiency anemia?
Administering supplemental iron
According to the text, what are the two major consequences of RBC sickling in sickle cell anemia?
Chronic hemolytic anemia and blood vessel occlusion
What is the most common complication of sickle cell disease?
Acute pain
What is the leading cause of death in people with sickle cell disease?
Acute chest syndrome
What is the chance that Bob and Amy will have a child with sickle cell disease, given their genetic makeup (both have the HbAS genotype)?
25%
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen from the lung to the tissue
Which of the following laboratory findings is associated with anemia?
Low levels of hemoglobin and red blood cells
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of megaloblastic anemias?
Enlarged red cells (MCV > 100 fL)
Which of the following is a cause of vitamin B12-deficiency anemia?
Deficiency of intrinsic factor
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of vitamin B12-deficiency anemia?
Leg weakness and impaired manual dexterity
Which of the following is a symptom of folic acid deficiency anemia?
Cognitive impairment/mood
Which of the following is a potential cause of decreased production of erythrocytes by the bone marrow?
Bone marrow failure
Which of the following is a potential cause of anemia due to kidney failure?
Impaired production of erythrocytes by the bone marrow
Which of the following is a potential cause of aplastic anemia?
Bone marrow failure
Which of the following is a common inherited bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or defect in vWF?
Von Willebrand disease
Which clotting factor is deficient in Hemophilia A?
Factor VIII
Which of the following is a symptom of Hemophilia A?
All of the above
What is the recommended treatment for Hemophilia A?
Factor VIII replacement therapy
Which of the following is a stage of hemostasis that involves the formation of a platelet plug?
Platelet adhesion
Which of the following is a potential cause of thrombocytosis (increased platelet levels)?
Thrombopoietin deficiency
Which of the following can prolong the prothrombin time (PT)?
Familial hypofibrinogenemia
What is the main cause of bleeding associated with platelet disorders?
Impaired platelet function
Which of the following is NOT a cause of thrombocytopenia?
Increased platelet sequestration
Which of the following can cause increased bleeding?
All of the above
Which of the following is a possible cause of increased bleeding in individuals with bleeding disorders caused by vascular defects?
All of the above
What are the characteristic signs of bleeding disorders caused by vascular defects?
All of the above
What was the result of the coagulation studies for the infant in the case study?
Both A and B
What is the most likely diagnosis for the case study infant based on the coagulation study results?
Hemophilia A
What are the two laboratory tests that showed prolongations in Tony Stark's preoperative screening?
PT and PTT
What is the diagnosis for Tony Stark based on the laboratory coagulation evaluation?
Decreased FX levels
Is Tony Stark at a higher risk for bleeding or coagulation?
Bleeding
What are the vasoconstricting agents involved in vascular constriction?
Endothelin (ET), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Serotonin (5HT)
Which of the following equations correctly calculates the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
MAP = DP + 1/3(PP)
Which of the following terms is used to describe the difference between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)?
Pulse pressure
Which of the following factors influence blood pressure?
All of the above
Which hormone is responsible for sodium and water retention and increases the excretion of potassium by the kidneys?
Aldosterone
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of coarctation of the aorta?
Narrowing of the major artery that carries blood to the body
Which of the following factors does NOT influence blood pressure?
Oxygen levels in the blood
In atherosclerosis, what happens to compliance and resistance to blood flow?
Compliance decreases, resistance increases
Which of the following variables affects stroke volume?
All of the above
Which of the following risk factors could contribute to Leo's hypertension?
Being a heavy smoker
What is the mechanism of action of diuretics for the management of hypertension?
Promoting fluid excretion
What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors for the management of hypertension?
Inhibiting the production of angiotensin II
What are the symptoms of orthostatic hypotension?
Feelings of weakness, light-headedness, dizziness, blurred vision, and syncope
Which organ is particularly affected by hypertension and is at risk for the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease?
Heart
Which class of medications blocks the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and is commonly used in the management of hypertension?
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
What is the potential adverse effect of ACE inhibitors that is characterized by swelling around the mouth, nose, throat, lips, and/or tongue?
Angioedema
Test your knowledge on the etiology, manifestations, and treatment of stable angina. Learn about the diagnosis, assessment, and various testing methods used to evaluate coronary blood flow and myocardial perfusion. Explore topics such as electrocardiography (ECG), exercise stress testing, and echocardiography.
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