Mastering Policy Implementation
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Questions and Answers

Which term refers to a bottom-up approach to understanding policy implementation?

  • Principal-agent theory
  • Advocacy coalition
  • Street-level bureaucrats (correct)
  • Top-down approach

    • What term is used to describe the gap between policy goals and actual outcomes?

  • Policy instrument
  • Top-down approach
  • Implementation gap (correct)
  • Principal-agent theory

    • Which theory focuses on the relationship between a principal and an agent in policy implementation?

  • Principal-agent theory (correct)
  • Street-level bureaucrats
  • Advocacy coalition
  • Top-down approach

    • Which approach to understanding policy implementation focuses on the role of street-level bureaucrats?

    <p>Bottom-up approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to understanding policy implementation focuses on the role of the government or higher-level authorities?

    <p>Top-down approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the early approaches to Conditions for effective policy implementation?

    <p>Top-down approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hogwood and Gunn (1984), what is the term used to describe the ideal implementation of a policy?

    <p>'Perfect implementation'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Initial focus of top-down approaches?

    <p>Central government decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which authors drew the concept of 'perfect implementation'?

    <p>Hogwood and Gunn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the drawbacks of bottom-up approaches to policy implementation?

    <p>They focus too much on local actors and networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do top-down approaches differ from bottom-up approaches in policy implementation?

    <p>Top-down approaches are more rational and structured, while bottom-up approaches are more interactive and involve policy makers and implementers from various levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of top-down approaches in policy implementation?

    <p>Designing the system to achieve what central/top policy makers intend</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of bottom-up approaches in policy implementation?

    <p>Recognition of strategic interaction among multiple actors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal-agent theory in policy implementation Except?

    <p>Officials and agents must delegate responsibility for policy implementation to principals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main elements of New Public Management (NPM)?

    <p>Markets and performance payment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Linder and Peters (1989), what are the variables affecting policy implementation ?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to The policy sub-system or advocacy coalition framework ACF, what is right about it?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe.?

    <p>Globalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three dimensions of globalization?

    <p>Spatial, Temporal, and Cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing intensity of interaction on which level?

    <p>All the following</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the rapid pace of change brought about by globalization?

    <p>Pressure from International Organizations or Multi-national companies operating in our area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'global village' refer to?

    <p>The interconnectedness of people and organizations through technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of top-down approaches in policy implementation?

    <p>The role of the government or higher-level authorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of bottom-up approaches in policy implementation?

    <p>The role of street-level bureaucrats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the gap between policy goals and actual outcomes?

    <p>Policy implementation gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of countries coordinating service and care provision to meet internationally set standards?

    <p>Globalization and The Rapid Pace of Change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Globalization has no impact on national health policies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Globalization leads to increased cooperation and awareness of health issues globally.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: International organizations, media, and education have no influence on health policies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Globalization only affects the spatial dimension of our interactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: McDonaldization refers to the reconfiguration of social space in the global context.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Globalization has no effect on the speed of our interactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Globalization refers to the process of overcoming distance in our connections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Globalization is solely driven by technology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Globalization leads to the universalization of people and organizations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Globalization has no impact on the pace of change in national policy making.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Top-down approaches to policy implementation focus on the role of street-level bureaucrats?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Bottom-up approaches to policy implementation focus on the role of the government or higher-level authorities?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Hogwood and Gunn (1984) drew the concept of 'perfect implementation' in policy implementation?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Top-down approaches to policy implementation have no drawbacks?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Bottom-up approaches to policy implementation have no drawbacks?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Advocacy coalitions are a key term in policy implementation?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The implementation gap refers to the gap between policy goals and actual outcomes?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Principal-agent theory focuses on the relationship between a principal and an agent in policy implementation?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Street-level bureaucrats play a key role in bottom-up approaches to policy implementation?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The conditions for effective policy implementation were explained by Hogwood and Gunn (1984)?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Bottom-up approaches in policy implementation focus on local implementation actors and networks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Top-down approaches in policy implementation involve an interactive process involving policy makers and implementers from various parts and levels of government.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: New Public Management (NPM) emphasizes markets and performance payment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The overall focus of Bottom-up approches include recognition of strategic interaction among multiple actors in a policy network focus on ‘agency’.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The factors that play critical role in shaping the policy implementation choices such as Features of policy instruments, organizational culture, Policy style and political culture, Context of the problem, and administrative decision makers' subjective preference.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Sabatier's framework rejects the separation of implementation from other stages.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Advocacy coalitions are organized to make changes in policy implementation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Evaluative criteria of bottom-up approaches in policy implementation include Much less clear – possibly that policy process takes into account of local influences.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Evaluative criteria of top-down approaches in policy implementation is Extent of attainment of formal objectives rather than recognition of unintended consequences

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of bottom-up approaches in policy implementation?

    <p>The main focus of bottom-up approaches is on the role of local actors, communities, and their interactions in shaping policy implementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the drawbacks of top-down approaches?

    <p>Top-down approaches may overlook the perspectives and needs of local actors and communities. They may also result in implementation gaps and limited adaptability to local contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of top-down approaches in policy implementation?

    <p>The main focus of top-down approaches is on the role of the government or higher-level authorities in shaping and controlling policy implementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the drawbacks of bottom-up approaches to policy implementation?

    <p>Bottom-up approaches may lack coordination and consistency across different local actors and communities. They may also face challenges in scaling up and achieving broader policy objectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the gap between policy goals and actual outcomes?

    <p>The term used to describe the gap between policy goals and actual outcomes is 'implementation gap'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory focuses on the relationship between a principal and an agent in policy implementation?

    <p>Principal-agent theory focuses on the relationship between a principal (such as a government or higher-level authority) and an agent (such as a street-level bureaucrat) in policy implementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the conditions for effective policy implementation according to Hogwood and Gunn (1984)?

    <p>Hogwood and Gunn (1984) identified three conditions for effective policy implementation: clarity of objectives, consistency of policy instruments, and capacity of implementing agencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ideal implementation of a policy according to Hogwood and Gunn (1984)?

    <p>Hogwood and Gunn (1984) referred to the ideal implementation of a policy as 'perfect implementation'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe?

    <p>The term used to describe the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe is 'globalization'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three dimensions of globalization?

    <p>The three dimensions of globalization are economic globalization, political globalization, and cultural globalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiate between the top-down approaches and the bottom-up approaches to policy implementation.

    <p>Top-down approaches to policy implementation involve a largely rational process that starts with problem identification at higher levels of government and proceeds to policy formulation and implementation at lower levels. Bottom-up approaches, on the other hand, involve an interactive process that includes both government and non-government actors, with a focus on recognizing strategic interactions and agency within policy networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe?

    <p>The term used to describe the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe is 'globalization'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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