67 Questions
Which term refers to a bottom-up approach to understanding policy implementation?
Street-level bureaucrats
What term is used to describe the gap between policy goals and actual outcomes?
Implementation gap
Which theory focuses on the relationship between a principal and an agent in policy implementation?
Principal-agent theory
Which approach to understanding policy implementation focuses on the role of street-level bureaucrats?
Bottom-up approaches
Which approach to understanding policy implementation focuses on the role of the government or higher-level authorities?
Top-down approach
Which term refers to the early approaches to Conditions for effective policy implementation?
Top-down approaches
According to Hogwood and Gunn (1984), what is the term used to describe the ideal implementation of a policy?
'Perfect implementation'
What are the Initial focus of top-down approaches?
Central government decision
Which authors drew the concept of 'perfect implementation'?
Hogwood and Gunn
What are the drawbacks of bottom-up approaches to policy implementation?
They focus too much on local actors and networks
How do top-down approaches differ from bottom-up approaches in policy implementation?
Top-down approaches are more rational and structured, while bottom-up approaches are more interactive and involve policy makers and implementers from various levels
What is the main focus of top-down approaches in policy implementation?
Designing the system to achieve what central/top policy makers intend
What is the main focus of bottom-up approaches in policy implementation?
Recognition of strategic interaction among multiple actors
What is the principal-agent theory in policy implementation Except?
Officials and agents must delegate responsibility for policy implementation to principals
What are the main elements of New Public Management (NPM)?
Markets and performance payment
According to Linder and Peters (1989), what are the variables affecting policy implementation ?
All of the above
According to The policy sub-system or advocacy coalition framework ACF, what is right about it?
All of the above
Which term refers to the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe.?
Globalization
What are the three dimensions of globalization?
Spatial, Temporal, and Cognitive
Increasing intensity of interaction on which level?
All the following
What term is used to describe the rapid pace of change brought about by globalization?
Pressure from International Organizations or Multi-national companies operating in our area
What does the term 'global village' refer to?
The interconnectedness of people and organizations through technology
What is the main focus of top-down approaches in policy implementation?
The role of the government or higher-level authorities
What is the main focus of bottom-up approaches in policy implementation?
The role of street-level bureaucrats
What term is used to describe the gap between policy goals and actual outcomes?
Policy implementation gap
What is the term used to describe the process of countries coordinating service and care provision to meet internationally set standards?
Globalization and The Rapid Pace of Change
True or false: Globalization has no impact on national health policies.
False
True or false: Globalization leads to increased cooperation and awareness of health issues globally.
True
True or false: International organizations, media, and education have no influence on health policies.
False
True or false: Globalization only affects the spatial dimension of our interactions.
False
True or false: McDonaldization refers to the reconfiguration of social space in the global context.
False
True or false: Globalization has no effect on the speed of our interactions.
False
True or false: Globalization refers to the process of overcoming distance in our connections.
True
True or false: Globalization is solely driven by technology.
False
True or false: Globalization leads to the universalization of people and organizations.
True
True or false: Globalization has no impact on the pace of change in national policy making.
False
True or false: Top-down approaches to policy implementation focus on the role of street-level bureaucrats?
False
True or false: Bottom-up approaches to policy implementation focus on the role of the government or higher-level authorities?
False
True or false: Hogwood and Gunn (1984) drew the concept of 'perfect implementation' in policy implementation?
True
True or false: Top-down approaches to policy implementation have no drawbacks?
False
True or false: Bottom-up approaches to policy implementation have no drawbacks?
False
True or false: Advocacy coalitions are a key term in policy implementation?
True
True or false: The implementation gap refers to the gap between policy goals and actual outcomes?
True
True or false: Principal-agent theory focuses on the relationship between a principal and an agent in policy implementation?
True
True or false: Street-level bureaucrats play a key role in bottom-up approaches to policy implementation?
True
True or false: The conditions for effective policy implementation were explained by Hogwood and Gunn (1984)?
True
True or false: Bottom-up approaches in policy implementation focus on local implementation actors and networks.
True
True or false: Top-down approaches in policy implementation involve an interactive process involving policy makers and implementers from various parts and levels of government.
False
True or false: New Public Management (NPM) emphasizes markets and performance payment.
True
True or false: The overall focus of Bottom-up approches include recognition of strategic interaction among multiple actors in a policy network focus on ‘agency’.
True
True or false: The factors that play critical role in shaping the policy implementation choices such as Features of policy instruments, organizational culture, Policy style and political culture, Context of the problem, and administrative decision makers' subjective preference.
True
True or false: Sabatier's framework rejects the separation of implementation from other stages.
True
True or false: Advocacy coalitions are organized to make changes in policy implementation.
True
True or false: The Evaluative criteria of bottom-up approaches in policy implementation include Much less clear – possibly that policy process takes into account of local influences.
True
True or false: The Evaluative criteria of top-down approaches in policy implementation is Extent of attainment of formal objectives rather than recognition of unintended consequences
True
What is the main focus of bottom-up approaches in policy implementation?
The main focus of bottom-up approaches is on the role of local actors, communities, and their interactions in shaping policy implementation.
What are the drawbacks of top-down approaches?
Top-down approaches may overlook the perspectives and needs of local actors and communities. They may also result in implementation gaps and limited adaptability to local contexts.
What is the main focus of top-down approaches in policy implementation?
The main focus of top-down approaches is on the role of the government or higher-level authorities in shaping and controlling policy implementation.
What are the drawbacks of bottom-up approaches to policy implementation?
Bottom-up approaches may lack coordination and consistency across different local actors and communities. They may also face challenges in scaling up and achieving broader policy objectives.
What term is used to describe the gap between policy goals and actual outcomes?
The term used to describe the gap between policy goals and actual outcomes is 'implementation gap'.
Which theory focuses on the relationship between a principal and an agent in policy implementation?
Principal-agent theory focuses on the relationship between a principal (such as a government or higher-level authority) and an agent (such as a street-level bureaucrat) in policy implementation.
What are the conditions for effective policy implementation according to Hogwood and Gunn (1984)?
Hogwood and Gunn (1984) identified three conditions for effective policy implementation: clarity of objectives, consistency of policy instruments, and capacity of implementing agencies.
What is the term used to describe the ideal implementation of a policy according to Hogwood and Gunn (1984)?
Hogwood and Gunn (1984) referred to the ideal implementation of a policy as 'perfect implementation'.
What is the term used to describe the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe?
The term used to describe the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe is 'globalization'.
What are the three dimensions of globalization?
The three dimensions of globalization are economic globalization, political globalization, and cultural globalization.
Differentiate between the top-down approaches and the bottom-up approaches to policy implementation.
Top-down approaches to policy implementation involve a largely rational process that starts with problem identification at higher levels of government and proceeds to policy formulation and implementation at lower levels. Bottom-up approaches, on the other hand, involve an interactive process that includes both government and non-government actors, with a focus on recognizing strategic interactions and agency within policy networks.
What term is used to describe the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe?
The term used to describe the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe is 'globalization'.
Test your knowledge on policy implementation and its key terms with this quiz. From understanding top-down and bottom-up approaches to exploring the role of street-level bureaucrats and policy instruments, this quiz covers various aspects of policy implementation. See how well you know the conditions for effective policy implementation and learn about early approaches to explaining it.
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