54 Questions
Which of the following is a characteristic of the first line of defense in the body's defense mechanism?
It acts as a mechanical barrier.
What is the process by which neutrophils and macrophages randomly engulf and destroy bacteria, cell debris, or foreign matter?
Phagocytosis
Which line of defense in the body's defense mechanism provides protection by stimulating the production of unique antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes following exposure to specific substances?
Third line of defense
Which of the following organisms is an obligate intracellular organism?
Rickettsiae
Which of the following is a common cause of pneumonia?
Mycoplasma
Which of the following organisms is multicellular?
Fungi
Which of the following is a parasite that causes STI?
Protozoa
Which type of infection spreads to several sites and tissues fluids, typically through the circulatory system?
Systemic infection
What is the term for the presence of bacteria in the blood?
Bacteremia
Which type of infection appears rapidly with severe symptoms but is short-lived?
Acute infection
What are the general signs of infection usually associated with?
Pain or tenderness, swelling, redness, and warmth
Which type of drugs rely on the host's defenses to ultimately destroy bacteria?
Bacteriostatic drugs
Which type of antibacterials are effective against both gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria?
Broad spectrum
Which type of drugs interfere with protein synthesis and can have significant effects on developing fetus and young child?
Tetracycline
Which type of drugs can interfere with crucial enzyme production/activity?
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Which of the following is a characteristic of 1st degree burns?
Only the epidermis is affected
What is the main concern for a burn patient in terms of respiratory problems?
Inhalation of toxic or irritating fumes
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacteria?
Requires living tissue to survive
What is the definition of zoonotic diseases?
Animal diseases transmissible to humans
Which type of wound healing occurs when healing by primary intention is not possible due to significant tissue loss or damage?
Secondary healing
Which stage of wound healing involves the development of new granulation tissue composed of collagen and extracellular matrix?
Proliferation
Which factor does NOT affect wound healing?
Good nutrition
Which complication of scar formation during healing may restrict the range of movement of a joint and result in fixation and deformity?
Contractures and obstructions
Which of the following is a characteristic of acute inflammation?
Less swelling and exudate
Which of the following is a common treatment for inflammation?
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
Which of the following is a side effect of corticosteroid use?
Gastrointestinal ulcers
Which of the following lifestyle modifications can help reduce chronic inflammation?
Low glycemic index diet
The first line of defense against harmful substances in the body involves specific processes of phagocytosis and inflammation.
False
Interferons are specific agents that protect uninfected cells against viruses.
False
The third line of defense in the body's defense mechanism involves the production of unique antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes following exposure to specific substances.
True
Antibiotics and antimicrobials are interchangeable terms.
False
Bactericidal drugs inhibit reproduction of bacteria.
False
Broad spectrum antibacterials are effective against both gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria.
True
Antiviral agents can destroy viruses inside the host cell.
False
True or false: Local infections are caused by the multiplication of pathogenic organisms in the blood?
False
True or false: Chronic infections have less severe symptoms than acute infections and persist for a long period?
True
True or false: Secondary infections are caused by the same microbe that caused the primary infection?
False
True or false: Subclinical infections cause apparent signs and symptoms?
False
Acute inflammation occurs immediately after injury.
True
Chronic inflammation is characterized by more swelling and exudate compared to acute inflammation.
False
NSAIDs block COX 1 enzymes.
False
Corticosteroids decrease capillary permeability and enhance the effectiveness of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
True
True or false: Shrinkage of scar tissue may cause shortening or narrowing of structures.
True
True or false: Adhesions are bands of scar tissue that prevent normal movement of the structure.
True
True or false: Hypertrophic scar tissue is characterized by overgrowth of fibrous tissue.
True
True or false: Ulceration around a scar may result in further tissue breakdown.
True
True or false: DMARDs are intended for acute treatment of rheumatic diseases?
False
True or false: Biologics inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?
True
True or false: Primary healing occurs when healing by primary intention is not possible due to significant tissue loss or damage?
False
True or false: Scar tissue is elastic and does not restrict the range of movement of a joint?
False
True or false: Rickettsiae are gram-negative bacteria that live inside host cells and can cause diseases such as typhus fever and rocky mountain spotted fever.
True
True or false: Mycoplasma is a common cause of pneumonia and is the smallest cellular microbe.
True
True or false: Fungi are found on dead organic material and can cause fungal infections. They are commonly found on surfaces and in foods.
True
True or false: Protozoa are unicellular, motile organisms that can act as parasites. They can cause diseases such as trichomonas vaginalis and plasmodium vivax.
True
Study Notes
Body's Defense Mechanism
- The first line of defense involves phagocytosis and inflammation to protect against harmful substances.
- The third line of defense involves the production of unique antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes following exposure to specific substances.
Microorganisms
- Obligate intracellular organisms require a host cell to survive and reproduce.
- Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular organisms that live inside host cells and can cause diseases such as typhus fever and rocky mountain spotted fever.
- Mycoplasma is the smallest cellular microbe and is a common cause of pneumonia.
- Fungi are found on dead organic material and can cause fungal infections.
- Protozoa are unicellular, motile organisms that can act as parasites and cause diseases such as trichomonas vaginalis and plasmodium vivax.
Infections
- Local infections are caused by the multiplication of pathogenic organisms in a specific area of the body.
- Chronic infections persist for a long period and may have less severe symptoms than acute infections.
- Secondary infections are caused by a different microbe than the one that caused the primary infection.
- Subclinical infections do not cause apparent signs and symptoms.
Antibiotics and Antimicrobials
- Antibiotics and antimicrobials are not interchangeable terms.
- Bactericidal drugs inhibit the reproduction of bacteria.
- Broad-spectrum antibacterials are effective against both gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria.
- Antiviral agents can destroy viruses inside the host cell.
Inflammation
- Acute inflammation occurs immediately after injury and is characterized by swelling, heat, redness, and pain.
- Chronic inflammation is characterized by more swelling and exudate compared to acute inflammation.
- NSAIDs block COX 1 enzymes.
- Corticosteroids decrease capillary permeability and enhance the effectiveness of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- Biologics inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
Wound Healing
- Primary healing occurs when the wound is clean and approximated, allowing for direct closure.
- Secondary healing occurs when healing by primary intention is not possible due to significant tissue loss or damage.
- The proliferation stage of wound healing involves the development of new granulation tissue composed of collagen and extracellular matrix.
- Shrinkage of scar tissue may cause shortening or narrowing of structures.
- Adhesions are bands of scar tissue that prevent normal movement of the structure.
- Hypertrophic scar tissue is characterized by overgrowth of fibrous tissue.
- Ulceration around a scar may result in further tissue breakdown.
Burns
- 1st-degree burns affect only the epidermis and have minimal damage.
- The main concern for a burn patient in terms of respiratory problems is the risk of respiratory failure.
Test your knowledge on different patterns of infection! Learn about local infections, focal infections, systemic infections, septicemia, and more. Expand your understanding of how pathogens spread throughout the body and the potential consequences.
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