Mastering Increased Intracranial Pressure
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following components make up the intracranial vault?

  • Brain, Blood, and CSF (correct)
  • Brain, Blood, and Heart
  • Brain, Lungs, and CSF
  • Heart, Blood, and Lungs

    • What is the normal range for intracranial pressure (ICP) in adults?

  • 10 to 20 cm H₂O
  • 8 to 18 mmHg (correct)
  • 80 to 100 mmHg
  • 15 to 22 cmH₂O

    • Which of the following is true about cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)?

  • CPP = ICP + MAP
  • CPP = MAP + ICP
  • CPP = ICP - MAP
  • CPP = MAP - ICP (correct)

    • What is the significance of a CPP less than 70 mmHg?

    <p>It indicates inadequate cerebral perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the earliest and most reliable indicator of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Decreased level of consciousness (LOC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a late sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Dilated and fixed pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for Cushing's Triad in increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Ischemia or pressure on the brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an abnormal motor function associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Hemiparesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of breathing pattern is associated with diffuse cortical involvement in increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Cheyne-Stokes respiration: apnea alternating with hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for sustained regular, rapid, and deep breathing associated with midbrain involvement in increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Central Neurogenic Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Head trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of brain edema characterized by increased permeability of brain capillary endothelial cells?

    <p>Vasogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which herniation syndrome involves the medial temporal lobe being squeezed by a unilateral mass under the tent?

    <p>Transtentorial herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cellular energy (ATP) failure in brain edema?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment for increased ICP involves aggressive hyperventilation to lower pCO2 levels below 25 mmHg?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best treatment for increased ICP?

    <p>Removal of causative lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing intervention is recommended for a patient with increased ICP?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication of increased ICP?

    <p>Herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of brain edema characterized by failure of normal homeostatic mechanisms that maintain cell size?

    <p>Cytotoxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which herniation syndrome involves the cingulate gyrus being pushed under the falx cerebri by an expanding mass high in a cerebral hemisphere?

    <p>Subfalcine herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the normal range for intracranial pressure (ICP) in adults?

    <p>10 to 20 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where an increase in one element of the intracranial vault occurs at the expense of others?

    <p>Monro-Kellie rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a late sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Pupillary reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where the brainstem is compressed due to increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Decerebrate posturing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the earliest and most reliable indicator of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Decreased level of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components make up the intracranial vault?

    <p>Brain, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for Cushing's Triad in increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Decreased cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Papilledema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)?

    <p>80 to 100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Increased brain size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a classification of brain edema?

    <p>Ischemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which herniation syndrome involves both temporal lobes herniating?

    <p>Central herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment for increased ICP involves removal of causative lesions such as tumors and hematomas?

    <p>Surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nursing intervention recommended for a patient with increased ICP?

    <p>Elevate head of bed about 30 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a late sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Cessation of respirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary cause of cellular energy (ATP) failure in brain edema?

    <p>Hypoxic-ischemic injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication of increased ICP?

    <p>Herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a classification of brain edema characterized by increased permeability of brain capillary endothelial cells?

    <p>Vasogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of breathing pattern associated with diffuse cortical involvement in increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

    <p>Ataxic breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Intracranial Vault Components

    • The intracranial vault consists of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood volume.

    Normal Range for ICP and CPP

    • Normal range for intracranial pressure (ICP) in adults: 0-15 mmHg
    • Normal range for cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP): 70-150 mmHg

    Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)

    • CPP is the difference between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and ICP
    • CPP less than 70 mmHg is significant and can lead to ischemia

    Signs of Increased ICP

    • Earliest and most reliable indicator: alteration in mental status
    • Late sign: unequal or dilated pupils
    • Abnormal motor function: posturing
    • Type of breathing pattern associated with diffuse cortical involvement: Cheyne-Stokes breathing
    • Sustained regular, rapid, and deep breathing associated with midbrain involvement: central neurogenic hyperventilation

    Brain Edema

    • Classification characterized by increased permeability of brain capillary endothelial cells: vasogenic edema
    • Classification characterized by failure of normal homeostatic mechanisms that maintain cell size: cytotoxic edema

    Herniation Syndromes

    • Uncal herniation syndrome: medial temporal lobe is squeezed by a unilateral mass under the tent
    • Subfalcine herniation syndrome: cingulate gyrus is pushed under the falx cerebri by an expanding mass high in a cerebral hemisphere
    • Central herniation syndrome: both temporal lobes herniate

    Treatment and Interventions

    • Treatment for increased ICP: removal of causative lesions such as tumors and hematomas
    • Nursing intervention: elevation of head of bed to 30-45 degrees
    • Complications of increased ICP: brainstem compression, cerebral edema, and decreased CPP

    Other

    • The Monro-Kellie doctrine: an increase in one element of the intracranial vault occurs at the expense of others
    • Cushing's Triad: increased ICP leads to hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respiration

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    Related Documents

    Lecture 8: Increased Intracranial Pressure PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) and its impact on the intracranial vault. Explore the Monro-Kellie rule and understand the normal ranges of ICP in different age groups. Dive into the pathophysiology of ICP and enhance your understanding of this dynamic condition.

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