99 Questions
Which type of valvular disease is characterized by failure to open completely and obstructs forward flow?
Stenosis
What is the main cause of regurgitation of blood in valvular disease?
Intrinsic disease of cusps
Which type of valvular disease leads to pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy?
Stenosis
What is the most common cause of acquired stenosis of aortic and mitral valves?
Rheumatic Fever
What is the characteristic lesion in chronic Rheumatic Fever?
Fibrotic valvular disease
What is the main cause of Rheumatic Fever?
Group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection
What percentage of all live births have bicuspid aortic valve?
1-2%
What is the genetic mutation associated with bicuspid aortic valve?
NOTCH1 mutations
Which structure can be seen just above the aortic valve?
The coronary artery orifices
What color is the myocardium beneath the endocardium?
Red-brown
What can be seen above the aortic valve?
A smooth intima with no atherosclerosis
What attaches the leaflet margins of the mitral valve to the papillary muscles?
Chordae tendineae
How many cusps does the aortic valve have?
Three
What is the texture of the leaflets of the tricuspid valve?
Thin and delicate
What is the name of the valve that is similar to the mitral valve?
Bicuspid valve
Which valve is affected in 70% of cases of Rheumatic Fever?
Mitral valve
What is the main cause of acquired stenosis of the aortic and mitral valves?
Rheumatic Fever
What is the main cause of regurgitation of blood in valvular disease?
Intrinsic disease of cusps
What is the most common cause of pancarditis in Rheumatic Fever?
All of the above
Which of the following is a minor criteria for the diagnosis of Rheumatic Fever?
Fever
What is the characteristic lesion in chronic Rheumatic Fever?
Mitral stenosis
What is the main cause of acute Rheumatic Fever?
Untreated Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis
What is the main cause of volume overload in valvular disease?
Regurgitation of blood
What is the characteristic lesion seen in ACTUTE Rheumatic Fever?
Verrucous vegetations
What is the main cause of pancarditis in Rheumatic Fever?
Aschoff bodies
Which valve is virtually always involved in Rheumatic Fever?
Mitral valve
What is the most common morphology of chronic rheumatic fever?
All of the above
What attaches the leaflet margins of the mitral valve to the papillary muscles?
Chordae tendineae
Which of the following is a characteristic of Erythema marginatum?
Raised edges
Which cells are primarily found in Aschoff bodies?
T lymphocytes
Which cardiac condition is associated with scattered Aschoff bodies?
Myocarditis
Which valve is virtually always involved in chronic rheumatic fever?
Mitral valve
Which cells are primarily found in Aschoff bodies?
Plasma cells
What is the most common cause of aortic stenosis?
Calcific aortic degeneration
What is the most common cause of mitral valve prolapse?
Connective tissue disorders
What is the main complication of aortic stenosis?
All of the above
What is the main symptom of mitral valve prolapse?
Midsystolic click
What does pericarditis lead to in acute rheumatic fever?
Fibrinous exudate
What is the main cause of pancarditis in rheumatic fever?
Aschoff bodies
What is the texture of the leaflets in mitral valve prolapse?
Floppy
What is the morphology of calcific aortic stenosis?
Calcified masses (hydroxyapatite deposits)
Which cells are primarily found in Aschoff bodies?
Macrophages
What is the characteristic lesion seen in acute Rheumatic Fever?
Aschoff bodies
What is the main characteristic of the spongiosa layer in myxomatous degeneration?
Proteoglycan deposition
Which layer of the mitral valve shows disorganized elastin in myxomatous degeneration?
Atrialis
Which of the following best describes the morphology of myxomatous degeneration in mitral valve prolapse?
Ballooning of the leaflets
Which group of organisms is included in the HACEK group?
Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella
Which valves are most commonly infected in infective endocarditis?
Aortic and mitral valves
What are the clinical features of infective endocarditis?
Fever, fatigue, weight loss, flu-like symptoms
What are the microemboli associated with infective endocarditis?
Petechiae, splinter hemorrhages, retinal hemorrhages (Roth spots)
What is the morphology of infective endocarditis vegetations?
Friable, bulky, and destructive
What is the frequent target valve in infective endocarditis in patients who use IV drugs?
Tricuspid valve
Which type of infective endocarditis is caused by highly virulent organisms attacking a previously normal valve?
Acute infective endocarditis
Which type of infective endocarditis is caused by organisms of low virulence affecting a previously abnormal valve?
Subacute infective endocarditis
Which type of infective endocarditis follows a protracted course of weeks to months?
Subacute infective endocarditis
Which organisms are responsible for 50-60% of infective endocarditis cases affecting damaged or deformed valves?
Streptococcus viridans
Which organisms are the major cause of infective endocarditis in patients who use intravenous drugs?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following is a clinical feature of infective endocarditis?
Murmurs in 90% with left-sided lesions.
What is the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis?
Infection of the heart valves by bacteria.
What is the initial step in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis?
Seeding of the blood with microbes.
Which of the following is the main characteristic of infective endocarditis?
A and B only
What is the morphology of infective endocarditis vegetations?
Ring abscess
Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by progressive cardiac dilation and contractile dysfunction usually with hypertrophy?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What are the acquired causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?
All of the above
Which gene mutation is most commonly associated with dilated cardiomyopathy?
Mutation affecting cytoskeletal protein, X-linked
What is the morphology of dilated cardiomyopathy?
Enlarged heart with flabby chambers
What are the clinical features commonly seen in dilated cardiomyopathy?
Dyspnea and easy fatigability
What is the most common cause of aortic stenosis?
Degenerative calcification
Which type of infective endocarditis follows a protracted course of weeks to months?
Subacute infective endocarditis
Which condition is characterized by the deposition of sterile thrombi on valves?
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
Where are the vegetations typically located in nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?
Along the line of closure of leaflets/cusps
Which condition is characterized by sterile, small vegetations on valves of patients with SLE?
Libman-Sacks endocarditis
What is the histological appearance of Libman-Sacks endocarditis?
Fibrinous, pink material with cellular debris
What is the characteristic lesion seen in infective endocarditis?
Large, irregular masses on the valve cusps
Where are the vegetations typically located in Libman-Sacks endocarditis?
On the valve undersurface, cords, and endocardial surfaces
Which condition is characterized by small or medium-sized vegetations on either or both sides of the valve leaflets?
Libman-Sacks endocarditis
Which type of endocarditis is characterized by large, irregular masses on the valve cusps that can extend onto the chordae?
Infective endocarditis
Which type of endocarditis typically exhibits small, bland vegetations, usually attached at the line of closure?
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
Which type of cardiomyopathy is the most common?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What is the most common genetic cause of dilated cardiomyopathy?
Autosomal dominant inheritance
What is the histological appearance of dilated cardiomyopathy?
All of the above
At what age is dilated cardiomyopathy commonly diagnosed?
20-50 years
What is the main cause of death in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy?
Heart failure
What is the most common complication of dilated cardiomyopathy?
All of them
Which condition is characterized by the deposition of extracellular proteins in the heart?
Amyloidosis (Restrictive Cardiomyopathy)
Which genetic mutation is associated with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?
Sarcomeric proteins
Which cardiomyopathy is characterized by a severely thinned right ventricular wall?
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Which cardiomyopathy is associated with defective diastolic filling and ventricular outflow obstruction?
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Which cardiomyopathy is characterized by a decrease in ventricular compliance and impaired ventricular filling during diastole?
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Which cardiomyopathy is associated with a massive myocardial hypertrophy without ventricular dilation?
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Which cardiomyopathy is characterized by a firm and noncompliant myocardium?
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Which cardiomyopathy is associated with a thick-walled, heavy, and hypercontractile heart?
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Which cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death and has right risded heart failure and rhythm disturbance?
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Which cardiomyopathy is associated with biatrial dilation?
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
What is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy worldwide?
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Which clinical feature is commonly seen in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
All of the above
Which gene mutation is associated with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy?
Plakoglobin
Which cardiomyopathy is typically associated with a family history of sudden death from heart problems?
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Which type of cardiomyopathy is associated with ventricular outflow obstruction?
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Test your knowledge of heart anatomy and valves with this quiz! Identify the different characteristics of the aortic and tricuspid valves, and learn about their unique features such as cusps, chordae tendineae, and more. Perfect for medical students or anyone interested in cardiovascular health.
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