Paper 1 Revision

Some people don't like them and they don't work well on non-windy days.

They can be disruptive to the local environment.

They involve flooding a large area which may include people's homes or animal's habitats.

It can only be used in volcanic counties.

Power - Watts (W), Energy transferred - Joules (J), Time - seconds (s)

Elastic potential energy = 1/2 * spring constant * extension^2, Units: Elastic potential energy - Joules (J), Spring constant - newtons per meter (N/m), Extension - meters (m)

Efficiency = useful energy out / total energy in, Efficiency can be expressed as a percentage or a decimal

The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed into another form of energy.

The different types of energy mentioned in the text are gravitational potential energy, electrical energy, elastic potential energy, kinetic energy, sound energy, light energy, nuclear energy, chemical energy, and heat or thermal energy.

One example mentioned in the text is a phone, where electrical energy goes in, chemical energy is stored, and heat, light, and sound energy come out.

Charge equals current times time ($Q = It$).

Potential difference equals current times resistance ($V = IR$).

As the temperature increases, the resistance increases.

The text mentions that there are many practicals in this topic, but does not specify the core practicals.

A battery is made up of more than one cell.

Power is measured in watts (W), energy is measured in joules (J), and time is measured in seconds (s).

The equation for power is P = IV, where P is power, I is current, and V is potential difference.

The equation for energy is E = Pt, where E is energy, P is power, and t is time.

The equation for energy is E = QV, where E is energy, Q is charge, and V is potential difference.

cosmic radiation, testing of nuclear weapons, plane travel, nuclear power stations

cancer treatment, sterilizing materials, smoke alarms

breaking apart of atoms, chain reaction, release of neutrons and radiation

fusion of nuclei, release of energy, light, heat, sound

half-life, type of radiation

The mass number is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.

The atomic number is equal to the number of protons and electrons in an atom.

The three types of radiation are alpha radiation, beta radiation, and gamma radiation.

Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence for the nuclear model of the atom.

The unit for measuring activity is the Becquerel.

$\rho = \frac{mass}{volume}$, units: mass (kg), volume (m^3), density (kg/m^3)

$\Delta E = m \cdot c \cdot \Delta T$, units: $\Delta E$ (J), m (kg), c (J/kg°C), $\Delta T$ (°C)

$E = m \cdot L$, units: E (J), m (kg), L (J/kg)

Temperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of molecules.

Pressure = Volume $\times$ Constant, units: Pressure (Pa), Volume (m^3)

The pressure in the system increases.

Work done = Pressure $\times$ Change in volume, units: Work done (J), Pressure (Pa), Change in volume (m^3)

Work done on a gas is directly proportional to the pressure in the system.

Average kinetic energy = $\frac{3}{2}kT$, units: Average kinetic energy (J), T (K)

Evaporation lowers the average kinetic energy of a system.