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Questions and Answers
Starting with 8.00 g of Phosphorus-32, how many grams will remain after 56.0 days?
Starting with 8.00 g of Phosphorus-32, how many grams will remain after 56.0 days?
0.500 g
How long ago was a plant alive if its Carbon-14 has decayed to 1/32.0 of the original amount?
How long ago was a plant alive if its Carbon-14 has decayed to 1/32.0 of the original amount?
2.87 x 10^4 years
What source of natural background radiation contributes the most to our exposure?
What source of natural background radiation contributes the most to our exposure?
Which type of radioactive decay produces a particle with a mass of 4 u and a charge of 2+?
Which type of radioactive decay produces a particle with a mass of 4 u and a charge of 2+?
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How much of a 48-mg sample of a radioisotope remains after four half-lives?
How much of a 48-mg sample of a radioisotope remains after four half-lives?
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How long will it take for a 64-mg sample of Bismuth-210 to decay to 16 mg?
How long will it take for a 64-mg sample of Bismuth-210 to decay to 16 mg?
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Which radioisotope is commonly used to determine the size, shape, and activity of the thyroid gland?
Which radioisotope is commonly used to determine the size, shape, and activity of the thyroid gland?
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Which type(s) of radiation has the highest penetrating power?
Which type(s) of radiation has the highest penetrating power?
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What type of particle keeps a chain reaction going?
What type of particle keeps a chain reaction going?
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Which uranium isotope undergoes fission and was used in the atomic bomb 'Little Boy'?
Which uranium isotope undergoes fission and was used in the atomic bomb 'Little Boy'?
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What fraction of electricity in the United States is produced by nuclear power plants?
What fraction of electricity in the United States is produced by nuclear power plants?
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Which of the following examples of radiation come from naturally occurring sources?
Which of the following examples of radiation come from naturally occurring sources?
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What particle did James Chadwick discover when he bombarded beryllium-9 with alpha particles?
What particle did James Chadwick discover when he bombarded beryllium-9 with alpha particles?
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What happens to the nucleon number and atomic number during beta decay?
What happens to the nucleon number and atomic number during beta decay?
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What happens to the nucleon number and atomic number when a neutron is produced?
What happens to the nucleon number and atomic number when a neutron is produced?
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What is the effect of positron emission on the nucleon and atomic numbers?
What is the effect of positron emission on the nucleon and atomic numbers?
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What other product is formed when Polonium-210 decays?
What other product is formed when Polonium-210 decays?
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How long does it take for Krypton-81m to reach half of its original activity if its half-life is 13 s?
How long does it take for Krypton-81m to reach half of its original activity if its half-life is 13 s?
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What does radioactivity in the environment come from?
What does radioactivity in the environment come from?
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Which of the following is not considered to be energetic enough to be ionizing radiation?
Which of the following is not considered to be energetic enough to be ionizing radiation?
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All of the following can be a consequence of ionizing radiation except:
All of the following can be a consequence of ionizing radiation except:
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A naturally occurring transmutation occurs when an element decays on its own to become a ________ stable element.
A naturally occurring transmutation occurs when an element decays on its own to become a ________ stable element.
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One example is the __________ and beta decay series of uranium.
One example is the __________ and beta decay series of uranium.
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An artificial transmutation occurs when a nuclear reaction is induced by __________.
An artificial transmutation occurs when a nuclear reaction is induced by __________.
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What is the age of the wood from the tomb based on its carbon-14 activity?
What is the age of the wood from the tomb based on its carbon-14 activity?
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Why are most alpha emitters less dangerous to living systems than gamma emitters?
Why are most alpha emitters less dangerous to living systems than gamma emitters?
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The missing mass is converted to __________ which is used to hold the protons and neutrons ______________ in the nucleus, it is referred to as the _____________ energy.
The missing mass is converted to __________ which is used to hold the protons and neutrons ______________ in the nucleus, it is referred to as the _____________ energy.
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The missing mass is converted to __________ which is used to hold the protons and neutrons ______________ in the nucleus, it is referred to as the _____________ energy.
The missing mass is converted to __________ which is used to hold the protons and neutrons ______________ in the nucleus, it is referred to as the _____________ energy.
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The missing mass is converted to __________ which is used to hold the protons and neutrons ______________ in the nucleus, it is referred to as the _____________ energy.
The missing mass is converted to __________ which is used to hold the protons and neutrons ______________ in the nucleus, it is referred to as the _____________ energy.
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The compounds 235UF6 and 238UF6 are separated by their atomic __________ and the speed at which their gas phase molecules move.
The compounds 235UF6 and 238UF6 are separated by their atomic __________ and the speed at which their gas phase molecules move.
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Which isotope is slightly lighter, 235UF6 or 238UF6?
Which isotope is slightly lighter, 235UF6 or 238UF6?
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The separation of 235UF6 and 238UF6 is achieved by passing the gas through a series of __________.
The separation of 235UF6 and 238UF6 is achieved by passing the gas through a series of __________.
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Study Notes
Radioactive Decay and Measurements
- Phosphorus-32 has a half-life of 14.0 days; starting with 8.00 g, 0.500 g will remain after 56.0 days.
- Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years; if decayed to 1/32.0 of the original amount, it dates back 2.87 x 10^4 years.
- A 48-mg radioisotope undergoes four half-lives results in 3.0 mg remaining.
Radioactive Isotopes and Their Applications
- Iodine-131 is used to assess the thyroid gland's size, shape, and activity.
- Krypton-81m has a brief half-life of 13 seconds, used in lung ventilation studies.
Types of Radiation and Their Properties
- Alpha decay releases particles with a mass of 4 u and a charge of 2+.
- Gamma rays exhibit the highest penetrating power among radiation types.
- Alpha emitters pose less danger to living tissue compared to gamma emitters due to lower penetrating power.
Environmental and Natural Radiation Sources
- Radon contributes the most to natural background radiation exposure.
- Radiation comes from various human activities and natural sources including uranium and cosmic rays.
Nuclear Reactions and Particle Interactions
- Neutrons sustain a chain reaction in nuclear fission.
- Uranium-235 is the isotope used in the atomic bomb "Little Boy."
- The process of artificial transmutation is induced by human intervention.
Measurement Concepts in Radioactivity
- The half-life of substances indicates the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to decay.
- A plant fossil with decayed Carbon-14 shows it was alive around 2.87 x 10^4 years ago.
Understanding Subatomic Particles
- James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron occurred through bombardment of beryllium-9.
- Beta particles involve an unchanged nucleon number, with the atomic number increasing by 1.
- A positron results in an unchanged nucleon but a decrease in atomic number by 1.
Non-Ionizing vs. Ionizing Radiation
- Visible light is classified as non-ionizing radiation, while gamma rays and x-rays are ionizing.
- Ionizing radiation can have various health effects, but increasing red blood cells is typically not one of them.
Other Relevant Concepts
- The concept of missing mass relates to energy and binding forces within atomic nuclei, fundamental to understanding nuclear stability.
- The separation of Uranium isotopes 235UF6 and 238UF6 relies on their atomic masses and molecular movement speeds.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on topics from Chemistry Chapter 11 with this set of flashcards. Covering concepts like half-lives of isotopes and decay calculations, you'll reinforce your understanding of nuclear chemistry principles. Perfect for students preparing for exams or wanting to review essential information!
