Questions and Answers
Starting with 8.00 g of Phosphorus-32, how many grams will remain after 56.0 days?
0.500 g
How long ago was a plant alive if its Carbon-14 has decayed to 1/32.0 of the original amount?
2.87 x 10^4 years
What source of natural background radiation contributes the most to our exposure?
Which type of radioactive decay produces a particle with a mass of 4 u and a charge of 2+?
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How much of a 48-mg sample of a radioisotope remains after four half-lives?
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How long will it take for a 64-mg sample of Bismuth-210 to decay to 16 mg?
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Which radioisotope is commonly used to determine the size, shape, and activity of the thyroid gland?
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Which type(s) of radiation has the highest penetrating power?
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What type of particle keeps a chain reaction going?
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Which uranium isotope undergoes fission and was used in the atomic bomb 'Little Boy'?
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What fraction of electricity in the United States is produced by nuclear power plants?
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Which of the following examples of radiation come from naturally occurring sources?
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What particle did James Chadwick discover when he bombarded beryllium-9 with alpha particles?
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What happens to the nucleon number and atomic number during beta decay?
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What happens to the nucleon number and atomic number when a neutron is produced?
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What is the effect of positron emission on the nucleon and atomic numbers?
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What other product is formed when Polonium-210 decays?
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How long does it take for Krypton-81m to reach half of its original activity if its half-life is 13 s?
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What does radioactivity in the environment come from?
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Which of the following is not considered to be energetic enough to be ionizing radiation?
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All of the following can be a consequence of ionizing radiation except:
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A naturally occurring transmutation occurs when an element decays on its own to become a ________ stable element.
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One example is the __________ and beta decay series of uranium.
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An artificial transmutation occurs when a nuclear reaction is induced by __________.
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What is the age of the wood from the tomb based on its carbon-14 activity?
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Why are most alpha emitters less dangerous to living systems than gamma emitters?
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The missing mass is converted to __________ which is used to hold the protons and neutrons ______________ in the nucleus, it is referred to as the _____________ energy.
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The missing mass is converted to __________ which is used to hold the protons and neutrons ______________ in the nucleus, it is referred to as the _____________ energy.
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The missing mass is converted to __________ which is used to hold the protons and neutrons ______________ in the nucleus, it is referred to as the _____________ energy.
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The compounds 235UF6 and 238UF6 are separated by their atomic __________ and the speed at which their gas phase molecules move.
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Which isotope is slightly lighter, 235UF6 or 238UF6?
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The separation of 235UF6 and 238UF6 is achieved by passing the gas through a series of __________.
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Study Notes
Radioactive Decay and Measurements
- Phosphorus-32 has a half-life of 14.0 days; starting with 8.00 g, 0.500 g will remain after 56.0 days.
- Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years; if decayed to 1/32.0 of the original amount, it dates back 2.87 x 10^4 years.
- A 48-mg radioisotope undergoes four half-lives results in 3.0 mg remaining.
Radioactive Isotopes and Their Applications
- Iodine-131 is used to assess the thyroid gland's size, shape, and activity.
- Krypton-81m has a brief half-life of 13 seconds, used in lung ventilation studies.
Types of Radiation and Their Properties
- Alpha decay releases particles with a mass of 4 u and a charge of 2+.
- Gamma rays exhibit the highest penetrating power among radiation types.
- Alpha emitters pose less danger to living tissue compared to gamma emitters due to lower penetrating power.
Environmental and Natural Radiation Sources
- Radon contributes the most to natural background radiation exposure.
- Radiation comes from various human activities and natural sources including uranium and cosmic rays.
Nuclear Reactions and Particle Interactions
- Neutrons sustain a chain reaction in nuclear fission.
- Uranium-235 is the isotope used in the atomic bomb "Little Boy."
- The process of artificial transmutation is induced by human intervention.
Measurement Concepts in Radioactivity
- The half-life of substances indicates the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to decay.
- A plant fossil with decayed Carbon-14 shows it was alive around 2.87 x 10^4 years ago.
Understanding Subatomic Particles
- James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron occurred through bombardment of beryllium-9.
- Beta particles involve an unchanged nucleon number, with the atomic number increasing by 1.
- A positron results in an unchanged nucleon but a decrease in atomic number by 1.
Non-Ionizing vs. Ionizing Radiation
- Visible light is classified as non-ionizing radiation, while gamma rays and x-rays are ionizing.
- Ionizing radiation can have various health effects, but increasing red blood cells is typically not one of them.
Other Relevant Concepts
- The concept of missing mass relates to energy and binding forces within atomic nuclei, fundamental to understanding nuclear stability.
- The separation of Uranium isotopes 235UF6 and 238UF6 relies on their atomic masses and molecular movement speeds.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on topics from Chemistry Chapter 11 with this set of flashcards. Covering concepts like half-lives of isotopes and decay calculations, you'll reinforce your understanding of nuclear chemistry principles. Perfect for students preparing for exams or wanting to review essential information!
