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Questions and Answers
What do pH buffers consist of?
What do pH buffers consist of?
Weak acids and bases
How does this system buffer a solution against decreases in pH?
How does this system buffer a solution against decreases in pH?
A- reacts with H+ to become HA
Buffers work best when?
Buffers work best when?
about half of the buffer molecules are dissociated
How does the way a buffer stabilizes pH during the addition of acid differ from the way the same buffer stabilizes pH during addition of bases?
How does the way a buffer stabilizes pH during the addition of acid differ from the way the same buffer stabilizes pH during addition of bases?
Which answer helps to explain why all living cells need pH buffers?
Which answer helps to explain why all living cells need pH buffers?
To make a buffer, you need to?
To make a buffer, you need to?
What is true about the ionization of water?
What is true about the ionization of water?
L-Dopa is used to treat?
L-Dopa is used to treat?
What kind of effect does R-Dopa have on Parkinson's disease?
What kind of effect does R-Dopa have on Parkinson's disease?
Which molecules differ in the covalent bond relationships among their atoms?
Which molecules differ in the covalent bond relationships among their atoms?
Which molecules differ in how their atoms are arranged about a double bond?
Which molecules differ in how their atoms are arranged about a double bond?
Which molecules are mirror images of each other?
Which molecules are mirror images of each other?
Which functional group is a characteristic of alcohol?
Which functional group is a characteristic of alcohol?
Which functional group behaves as a base?
Which functional group behaves as a base?
Which functional group is a characteristic of thiols?
Which functional group is a characteristic of thiols?
Which functional group plays a major role in energy transfer?
Which functional group plays a major role in energy transfer?
Which functional group is a characteristic of a ketone?
Which functional group is a characteristic of a ketone?
Which functional group behaves as an acid?
Which functional group behaves as an acid?
Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
What is the chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule?
What is the chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule?
What is the chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water?
What is the chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water?
Which of these classes of biological molecules does NOT include polymers?
Which of these classes of biological molecules does NOT include polymers?
Sucrose is formed when a glucose is joined to fructose by a?
Sucrose is formed when a glucose is joined to fructose by a?
What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen?
What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen?
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role?
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role?
The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that?
The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that?
Which of the following is the best explanation for why vegetable oil is a liquid at room temperature while animal fats are solid?
Which of the following is the best explanation for why vegetable oil is a liquid at room temperature while animal fats are solid?
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Study Notes
Buffer Systems
- Buffers consist of weak acids and their conjugate bases, helping to maintain a stable pH in biological systems.
- A buffer includes undissociated acid (HA) and its dissociated form (A-); when H+ is added, A- reacts to form HA, mitigating pH changes.
- Optimal buffer function occurs when approximately half of the buffer molecules are in the dissociated state.
- Buffers stabilize pH against acid addition by reacting with H+ and against base addition by producing H+ from HA.
Biological Importance of Buffers
- All living cells require pH buffers due to the many carboxyl and amino groups present in amino acid side chains.
Water Ionization
- Water ionizes into hydroxide (OH-) and hydronium (H3O+) ions, maintaining a reversible equilibrium.
Pharmacology
- L-Dopa is a treatment for Parkinson's disease, while R-dopa has no therapeutic effect on the condition.
Isomer Types
- Structural isomers differ in the covalent bond arrangements of their atoms, while geometric isomers differ in atom arrangement around a double bond.
- Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror images of each other.
Functional Groups and Their Properties
- Alcohols are characterized by the hydroxyl group.
- Amino groups act as bases.
- Thiols are defined by the presence of a sulfhydryl group.
- The phosphate group is crucial in energy transfer.
- Ketones feature a carbonyl group.
- Carboxyl groups behave as acids.
Hydrocarbon Characteristics
- Hydrocarbons are insoluble in water due to their predominantly nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen bonds.
Chemical Reactions
- Dehydration synthesis involves the covalent bonding of two molecules with the removal of a water molecule.
- Hydrolysis is the process of splitting molecules by adding water.
Biological Macromolecules
- Lipids are unique among biological macromolecules, as they do not form polymers.
- Sucrose is formed by a glycosidic linkage joining glucose and fructose.
- Starch and glycogen differ structurally mainly in their branching patterns.
Cholesterol and Lipids
- Cholesterol serves as a beneficial component of animal cell membranes.
- A defining property of lipids is their inability to dissolve in water.
- Vegetable oils are liquids at room temperature due to a higher number of double bonds compared to animal fats, which are more saturated.
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