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Questions and Answers
Choose the best description of the cell cytoskeleton.
Choose the best description of the cell cytoskeleton.
- A static structure that provides support
- A network that only provides shape to the cell
- A rigid structure that remains unchanged
- A dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled (correct)
A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its...
A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its...
Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix
ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?
ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?
rough ER
What is the ratio of the volume of typical eukaryotic cells to prokaryotic cells?
What is the ratio of the volume of typical eukaryotic cells to prokaryotic cells?
Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?
Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?
The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by...
The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by...
Plant and animal cells both carry out aerobic respiration, producing ATP.
Plant and animal cells both carry out aerobic respiration, producing ATP.
Which organelle produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?
Which organelle produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?
Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.
Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.
Which statement correctly describes an endomembrane function?
Which statement correctly describes an endomembrane function?
Identify the correct order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge.
Identify the correct order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge.
Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which structures in animal cells?
Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which structures in animal cells?
Which structure is primarily involved in detoxification in liver cells?
Which structure is primarily involved in detoxification in liver cells?
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved what process?
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved what process?
Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules?
Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules?
What makes it necessary for animal cells to have intercellular junctions?
What makes it necessary for animal cells to have intercellular junctions?
DNA is present in both archaea and bacteria.
DNA is present in both archaea and bacteria.
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of...
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of...
Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells?
Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells?
The Golgi apparatus has polarity in its function. Which statement is correct regarding this polarity?
The Golgi apparatus has polarity in its function. Which statement is correct regarding this polarity?
Identify the correct statement about differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Identify the correct statement about differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?
Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?
What key innovation in the evolution of eukaryotes is associated with the endomembrane system?
What key innovation in the evolution of eukaryotes is associated with the endomembrane system?
How does the cell multiply its peroxisomes?
How does the cell multiply its peroxisomes?
What is the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide?
What is the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide?
Flashcards
Cell Cytoskeleton
Cell Cytoskeleton
Dynamic network of fibers enabling changes in cell shape and component positioning.
Cellular Mutations
Cellular Mutations
Mutations here can disrupt polysaccharide modifications, leading to defects in the Golgi and ECM.
ECM Protein Production
ECM Protein Production
These proteins are created by ribosomes in the rough ER.
Membrane Composition
Membrane Composition
The Golgi apparatus sorts and directs lipids and proteins, creating membrane diversity.
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Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Both cells perform aerobic respiration to produce ATP, energy currency
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Polysaccharide Modification
Polysaccharide Modification
Responsible for creating and modifying polysaccharides for secretion.
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Cytoskeleton Functions
Cytoskeleton Functions
Cilia and flagella movement relies on motor proteins interacting with microtubules.
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Endomembrane Function
Endomembrane Function
ER products are modified in transit through the Golgi, from cis to trans regions.
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Plant vs Animal Cell Communication
Plant vs Animal Cell Communication
These structures in plant cells function like gap junctions in animal cells for communication.
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Liver Cell Functionality
Liver Cell Functionality
Critical for detoxifying poisons and drugs; abundant in liver cells.
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Eukaryotic Cell Evolution
Eukaryotic Cell Evolution
Likely arose through endosymbiosis of aerobic bacteria becoming mitochondria.
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Microtubule Structure
Microtubule Structure
Possess a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.
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Intercellular Junctions
Intercellular Junctions
Animal cells use these to maintain tissue integrity and prevent fluid leakage.
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Eukaryotic Cilia and Flagella Composition
Eukaryotic Cilia and Flagella Composition
Made up of microtubules.
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Hydrolytic Enzymes Containment
Hydrolytic Enzymes Containment
Organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes to prevent breakdown of cellular components
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Golgi Apparatus Polarity
Golgi Apparatus Polarity
Polarity: vesicles fuse on one side and exit from the other where lipids and proteins are sorted and modified
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Differences
Endoplasmic Reticulum Differences
Identified by ribosomes on the surface, while smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
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Endomembrane System Evolution
Endomembrane System Evolution
The nuclear envelope.
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Peroxisome Multiplication
Peroxisome Multiplication
Multiply by dividing when they reach a sufficient size.
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Polypeptide Synthesis Initiation
Polypeptide Synthesis Initiation
Begins with transferring information from DNA to messenger RNA in the nucleus.
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Cell Cytoskeleton
- Composed of a dynamic network of fibers that facilitate changes in cell shape and component positioning.
Cellular Mutations
- Mutations disrupting polysaccharide modifications in animal cells likely lead to defects in the Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix.
ECM Protein Production
- ECM proteins are synthesized by ribosomes located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Cell Volume Comparison
- A typical eukaryotic cell is approximately ten times larger in diameter than a prokaryotic cell, resulting in a volume ratio of 1000:1.
Vesicle Movement
- The movement of vesicles within cells relies on microtubules and motor proteins.
Membrane Composition
- Differences in lipid and protein composition of endomembrane system membranes are primarily influenced by the Golgi apparatus’s sorting and directing functions.
Cellular Respiration
- Both plant and animal cells perform aerobic respiration to produce ATP.
Polysaccharide Modification
- The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the production and modification of polysaccharides meant for secretion.
Cytoskeleton Functions
- Cilia and flagella movement is driven by motor proteins interacting with microtubules.
Endomembrane Function
- Products from the ER are modified during their journey through the Golgi apparatus, from the cis to trans regions.
Centrifugation Order
- In a centrifuge, cellular components sediment in the order: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes.
Plant vs Animal Cell Communication
- Plasmodesmata in plant cells function similarly to gap junctions in animal cells.
Liver Cell Functionality
- The smooth ER is crucial for detoxifying poisons and drugs, especially prevalent in liver cells.
Eukaryotic Cell Evolution
- Eukaryotic cells likely evolved through the endosymbiosis of aerobic bacteria, which transitioned into mitochondria.
Microtubule Structure
- Cilia and flagella possess a 9 + 2 arrangement, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules.
Intercellular Junctions
- Animal cells, lacking cell walls, require intercellular junctions for maintaining tissue integrity and preventing fluid leakage.
Prokaryotic DNA Presence
- DNA is present in both archaeal and bacterial cells, confirming a common genetic material basis.
Eukaryotic Cilia and Flagella Composition
- Cilia and flagella are made up of microtubules, contributing to their structure and function.
Hydrolytic Enzymes Containment
- Lysosomes are organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes, preventing the breakdown of cellular components.
Golgi Apparatus Polarity
- The Golgi apparatus has a distinct polarity: transport vesicles fuse with one side and exit from the opposite side, with lipids and proteins being sorted and modified during transit.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Differences
- Rough ER is identified by the presence of ribosomes on its surface, while smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
Absence in Plant Cells
- Centrosomes are structures that are absent in plant cells.
Endomembrane System Evolution
- The evolution of the endomembrane system includes features such as the nuclear envelope.
Peroxisome Multiplication
- Peroxisomes multiply by dividing when they reach a sufficient size.
Polypeptide Synthesis Initiation
- The initial step in polypeptide synthesis begins with transferring information from DNA to messenger RNA in the nucleus.
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