45 Questions
What is another name for the Golgi apparatus?
Golgi body
In which type of cells can the Golgi apparatus be found?
Eukaryotic cells
Where are proteins synthesized before they are packaged into vesicles?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What happens to proteins after they are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum?
They fuse with the Golgi apparatus
What is one possible fate of proteins after they are modified by the Golgi apparatus?
Secretion via exocytosis
What is the primary role of the Golgi apparatus with regard to proteins?
Modifying and sorting proteins
What is the main function of lysosomes in the cell?
Waste disposal
Through which process is material from outside the cell taken up for digestion by lysosomes?
Endocytosis
Which process is responsible for the digestion of materials from inside the cell?
Autophagy
Which of the following is NOT a type of complex molecule digested by lysosomes?
Minerals
What is the role of lysosomes in endocytosis?
To break down material taken up from outside the cell
What is the cytoskeleton composed of?
Three main proteins
Which protein is NOT one of the main structural components of the cytoskeleton?
Collagen
Microtubules are responsible for which function?
All of the above
Which of the following is formed by actins?
Microfilaments
Which cytoskeletal component is NOT correctly matched with its function?
Microtubules - DNA replication
What is the cytoskeleton primarily responsible for?
Maintaining the shape of the cell
Where is the cytoskeleton located in eukaryotic cells?
In the cytoplasm
What does the cytoskeleton organize within the cell?
Other elements of the cell
What type of network does the cytoskeleton form?
What is the primary function of the lysosome?
Breaking down waste materials
Where are enzymes of the lysosomes synthesized?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is NOT a part of the lysosome?
Nucleus
How many different enzymes do lysosomes contain?
More than 60
What type of proteins are found in the lysosomal membrane?
Membrane transport proteins
What is the primary function of the nucleus?
Maintains the integrity of DNA and facilitates replication, transcription, and translation
Which type of organism has cells containing a nucleus?
Eukaryotic organisms
What genetic material does the nucleus contain?
DNA
The nucleus is described as which type of organelle?
Membrane-bound
What essential cellular processes does the nucleus facilitate?
Replication, transcription, and translation
Where do vacuoles typically bud from?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
In which organisms are food vacuoles most commonly found?
Protozoan
What is the primary function of autophagic vacuoles?
Digest portions of the cell itself
What is the main function of contractile vacuoles in protozoan?
Maintain the cell's internal environment
Which vacuole is involved in starvation response?
Autophagic vacuole
What is the primary function of the cell nucleus?
To control gene expression and mediate DNA replication
What term is used to describe eukaryotic cells that lack a nucleus?
Enucleate
Which type of cell is an example of an enucleate cell?
Erythrocytes
Which organelle is one of the easiest to recognize under the microscope?
Nucleus
During which process does the cell nucleus mediate the replication of DNA?
Cell cycle
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?
Maintaining cell shape and movement
Where does the cytoskeleton extend from and to within a cell?
From the cell nucleus to the cell membrane
Which cellular component is NOT involved in the cytoskeleton’s network?
Golgi apparatus
What type of cells contain a cytoskeleton?
Eukaryotic cells
What aspect of the cytoskeleton allows it to be highly functional within the cell?
Its dynamic and interlinking protein structure
Study Notes
Golgi Apparatus
- Found in most eukaryotic cells
- Proteins synthesized in the ER are packaged into vesicles, which fuse with the Golgi apparatus
- Proteins are modified and destined for secretion via exocytosis or for use in the cell
Cytoskeleton
- System of filaments or fibers present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
- Organizes other elements of the cell, maintains cell shape, and responsible for cell locomotion and movement of organelles
- Complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments from cell nucleus to cell membrane
- Responsible for maintaining cell shape and movement of cell itself and organelles within it
- Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
Microtubules
- Help maintain cell shape, intracellular transport, and formation of mitotic spindles during mitosis
Lysosomes
- Act as waste disposal system of the cell by digesting obsolete or un-used materials
- Contain more than 60 different enzymes and over 50 membrane proteins
- Enzymes synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Found in animal cells and contain variety of enzymes to break down waste materials, old organelles, and foreign invaders
Vacuoles
- Membranous sacs that bud from the ER, Golgi, or plasma membrane
- Come in different sizes and have various functions (food, autophagic, contractile)
- Found in most protozoan and play roles in digestion and maintaining internal environment
Nucleus
- Membrane-bound organelle containing genetic material (DNA) of eukaryotic organisms
- Largest organelle, facilitates replication, transcription, and translation
- Maintains integrity of DNA and entire cell volume
- Controls gene expression and mediates DNA replication during cell cycle
Learn about the structure and functions of the Golgi apparatus and cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells, including protein modification and cellular organization.
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