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Questions and Answers
What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?
What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?
6
What refers to atoms with the same atomic number, but different atomic masses?
What refers to atoms with the same atomic number, but different atomic masses?
Isotopes
Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?
Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?
10
An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?
An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?
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Which type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?
Which type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?
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What refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds?
What refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds?
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This atom can form up to how many single covalent bond(s)?
This atom can form up to how many single covalent bond(s)?
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What type of bond joins these two oxygen atoms?
What type of bond joins these two oxygen atoms?
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Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges are called?
Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges are called?
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In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?
In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?
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An ionic bond involves?
An ionic bond involves?
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The brackets are indicating what type of bond?
The brackets are indicating what type of bond?
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What name is given to the bond between water molecules?
What name is given to the bond between water molecules?
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Water readily sticks to many other substances, a property called?
Water readily sticks to many other substances, a property called?
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Water striders can skip across the surface of ponds due to water's?
Water striders can skip across the surface of ponds due to water's?
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Which best describes how charges are distributed on a water molecule?
Which best describes how charges are distributed on a water molecule?
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Relative to other substances, why does water tend to resist changes in temperature?
Relative to other substances, why does water tend to resist changes in temperature?
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Water is sometimes called the 'universal solvent.' Is that accurate?
Water is sometimes called the 'universal solvent.' Is that accurate?
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In a neutral solution, the concentration of what is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions?
In a neutral solution, the concentration of what is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure and Isotopes
- Atomic number of an atom is determined by the number of protons, e.g., an atom with 6 protons has an atomic number of 6.
- Isotopes are variants of an element that have the same number of protons but differ in atomic mass due to varying numbers of neutrons.
Neutrons and Atomic Mass
- Fluorine, with an atomic number of 9 and atomic mass of 19, has 10 neutrons (atomic mass = protons + neutrons, 19 - 9 = 10).
- Boron has an atomic number of 5, indicating it has 5 protons.
Chemical Bonds
- Covalent bonds occur when two atoms share electron pairs, e.g., the bond between two hydrogen atoms.
- Molecules are formed when two or more atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
- An atom typically can form up to 4 single covalent bonds due to 4 electrons in its outer shell.
- Double covalent bonds involve the sharing of two pairs of electrons, as seen with oxygen atoms.
Ions and Ionic Bonds
- Atoms that have identical numbers of protons but different electrical charges become ions.
- Ionic bonds form through the attraction between positively and negatively charged ions, exemplified by sodium chloride (salt).
Hydrogen Bonds and Molecular Interactions
- Hydrogen bonds occur when a hydrogen atom with a net positive charge is attracted to a negatively charged atom, such as oxygen.
- Water molecules are interconnected by hydrogen bonds, which exhibit properties of cohesion (molecules sticking together) and adhesion (sticking to other substances).
Water's Unique Properties
- Water demonstrates strong cohesion, enabling certain insects, like water striders, to skim the surface due to high surface tension.
- Water maintains a relatively stable temperature due to its high cohesion; temperature changes induce energy used to adjust hydrogen bonds, not just kinetic motion.
- Often referred to as the "universal solvent," water dissolves most substances, although it does not dissolve hydrophobic materials like oils.
Ion Concentration in Solutions
- In neutral solutions, the concentrations of hydrogen ions (H⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻) are equal, maintaining a balance essential for various biological and chemical processes.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of atomic structure and isotopes with these flashcards from Biology Chapter 2. Each card provides a key concept related to atomic numbers and their significance in understanding elements. Perfect for quick review and memorization before exams.
